Vocal Folds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vocal Folds - Essay Example With their corresponding properties, Hirano classifies the layers of the vocal folds into five minute layers (as cited in Altman, n.d.). The outer protective layer is the squamos epithelium, which is responsible for sustaining the form of the vocal fold and its hydration. The next layer is the superficial lamina propia (SLP) which is composed of loose fibrous and elastic components that possess mechanical properties due to its cushion-like assets. The intermediate lamina propia (ILP) on the other hand, is generally composed of elastic fibers, which therefore adds to the elasticity of the vocal folds. Then there is the deep lamina propia (DLP), the vocal fold layer that consists of collagenous fibers that is responsible for the durability of the vocal fold. The fifth layer is the vocalis muscle. It as a muscle and therefore has active (contractile) properties that helps in controlling the stiffness of the vocal folds when it is vibrating, contracting or at rest. These layers vary in t erms of stiffness and therefore were grouped further accordingly. The cover layer or mucosa is composed of epithelium and SLP, while the vocal ligament is composed of the ILP and DLP.

David M’Naughten Essay Example for Free

David M’Naughten Essay David M’Naughten hails from Scotland. He earn his living by being a wood cutter. He hardly can make both ends meet and develop hatred to the Prime Minister of Great Britain in the year 1843. To M’Naughten, the Prime Minister was the cause of his personal and financial sufferings due to the failure of the former to run the British government well. In an attempt to get even with the Prime Minister, M’Naughten attempted to kill the leader. M’Naughten was not successful because his ploy was thwarted by the secretary of the Prime Minister and instead killed the secretary and afterwards attempted to murder the Prime Minister. During the trial, nine witnesses testified that M’Naughten was an insane and the jury acquitted him, finding him â€Å" not guilty by reason of insanity † ( pbs. org. n. d. The Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. Paragraph 1) Reporter Bill Mears of CNN Washington in 2006 reported â€Å"There was little doubt that Eric Clark, then 17, shot and killed a police officer six years ago in Flagstaff, Arizona. And prosecutors and defense attorneys agreed that the killer had some degree of mental illness he was a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic who believed he was being constantly watched by aliens from outer space†. â€Å"Teen shot and killed police officer he thought was an alien†, 1st paragraph). Eric Clark believe that the police who accosted him was an alien from outer space who came here to get him, and so, Eric shot and killed him. Eric was found guilty of first degree murder three years after the fatal shooting. Eric defense lawyers entered a plea of not guilty due to insanity. It took three years of deliberation by Arizona court whether Erick will be jailed or sent to mental rehabilitation center while serving the sentence. The court Arizona court ruled Eric to languish in jail for life. Based from the two court decisions just mentioned, it appears that there is sort of disagreement among the different U. S. legal courts as to the legal definition of insanity and its acceptance as legal defense in court. This essay will trace the development of insanity as legal defense from its origin up to what it is in today’s legal battle. Evolution of insanity defense As early as 1581, insanity defense has been well considered in Anglo-American law and a legal treatise was enacted saying that â€Å"If a madman or a natural fool, or a lunatic in the time of his unacy do [kill a man], this is no felonious act for they cannot be said to have any understanding will â€Å" ( pbs. org. n. d. â€Å"A Brief History of Insanity Defense†, paragraph 3 ). There was no available record of court proceeding from the date of treatise enactment up to 17th century. Three hundred years later, the British court elaborated the treatise and gave rise to the â€Å"wild beast test† ( 4th paragraph ) which emphasized that â€Å"If a defendant was so bereft of sanity that he understood the ramifications of his behavior no more than in an infant, a brute, or a wild beast, he would not be eld responsible for his crimes ( 4th paragraph). In other words, if the defendant lacks sanity and cannot comprehend the outcome of what he did, as his ( defendant) mind is that of infant or a wild animal, then the defendant is not liable for the crime committed. The codification of this British â€Å" wild beast test† was put at stake in 1843, in the case of David M’Naughten as outlined in our introduction. Queen Victoria was not impressed with the decision of the court and requested a review of the case with a panel of judges. The resulting decision was â€Å"that a defendant should not be eld responsible for his actions if he could not tell that his actions were wrong at the time he committed them â€Å" (The Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. Paragraph 3). This was also mentioned in the research of Chiacchia ( 2001) and law. jrank org. n. d. ) This became the basis of the insanity defense in England and adopted by American courts and legislatures for more than 100 years without any modification. Up to 1998, 25 states including the District of Columbia adopted this Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. According to legal critics, the M’Naughten test has one major rawback. While the rule focus on the ability to distinguish right from wrong (which is cognitive in nature), it failed to consider the unstoppable desire that was the dominant feeling before and during the consummation of the crime. This resulted to modification of the M’Naughten rule by adding a provision called irresistible impulse ( â€Å"Irresistible impulse†, 1st paragraph). The added provision in effect will absolve a defendant who can distinguish between right and wrong but unable to stop the crime due to his uncontrollable desire to consummate it to get even with the victim. A number of tates adopted the M’Naughten modification and coined another name as â€Å" policemen in the elbow test† (1st paragraph). The name clearly highlight the intense desire to consummate the crime as even if there is police authority around to witness, the defendant will do it. In 1950, advances in psychiatry and psychology as a science was very noticeable. In the light of the advances, legal critics saw the M’Naughten rule as too rigid and antiquated. In 1954, an appellate court discarded the M’Naughten and â€Å" irresistible impulse â€Å" test in favor of a more scientific and medically based insanity test. This became the basis of the Durnham â€Å" Mental Defect† rule. In Durnham v. United States, The U. S. Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia ruled that a defendant is not guilty † if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect. (â€Å" The rise and fall of the Durnham â€Å"Mental Defect† rule, 1st paragraph). The decision was considered as within the demand of the times and a major breakthrough in American legal system as it exemplify the replacement of moral considerations with a more neutral and scientific evidences reflective of the advances of psychiatry and psychology ( â€Å" The rise and fall of the Durnham Mental Defect† rule). Legal experts claim that the Durnham rule is vague and difficult to apply. According to the experts, the term â€Å"mental defect† is very broad and they were concerned that due to its vagueness, more and more defendants will be acquitted than before. The confusion arises over the interpretation of â€Å" mental disease or defect† clause. Will mental defect mean only psychosis or any of the minor mental disorder found in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). Critics were concerned of the possibility that defendants will use alcoholism and other ental disorder with antisocial behavioral symptoms as defense of their crimes. Also, it is not clear where the burden of proof is; that is whether it’s up for the court to determine the mental defect or the burden lies with the defendant and the psychiatrist as professional witness. Another disagreement is that the Durham test inadvertently grant too much influence to the psychiatrist and psychologist as to the result of the court trial. Twenty two states rejected the Durham test in 1972 and a panel of judges considered the Model Penal Code Test of the American Law Institute ( A. L. I. as eplacement (pbs. org. n. d. ). The A. L. I. standard is intended to soften the M’Naughten with the â€Å"irresistible impulse† by introduction of medical and psychiatric evidence requirement. The A. L. I. standard, rule â€Å"that a defendant will not be held criminally responsible if at the time of the behavior in question as a result of a mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. (pbs. org. n. d.  A Brief History of Insanity Defense, â€Å"The A. L. I. Standard†, 1st paragraph). In ddition to requiring the defendant to show proof that at the time of the consummation of the crime, there is absolutely no understanding as to the nature of the act ( as in M’Naughten test), a certification from a psychiatrist or psychologist is needed to attest to the fact that the defendant lack â€Å" substantial capacity† ( paragraph 2, line 4 ) to understand the right f rom wrong together with the irresistible impulse consideration. Under the A. L. I. tandard, the act of serial killers whose mental defect manifests only during the act of killing and shows normal mental behavior before and after he consummation of the act can lead to his/her conviction. In 1998, 22 states used the A. L. I. rule while 26 used the M’Naughten version regardless of the irresistible impulse clause. It is also provided in the A. L. I. standard, the provision for due process and equal protection concerns for those who were acquitted by reason of insanity for automatic and indefinite confinement to assess and treat their mental disorder and check their dangerousness potential to society periodically. If found during the evaluation that further confinement is no longer needed, then the defendant can be eleased. By early 1980’s all state legislatures except for 10 has reformed their laws incorporating the provision for periodic review. In 1981, a test for stability of the A. L. I. standard ensued. John Hinckley, Jr. , a Washington police officer and secret service agent shot then U. S. President Ronald Reagan and his press secretary James Brady. Hinckley claimed during the trial the following: that he was trying to impress the actress Jodie Foster, with whom he was infatuated. He later described the incident in a letter to The New York Times as the greatest love offering in the history of the world. At one time Miss Foster was a star and I was the insignificant fan. Now everything is changed. I am Napoleon and she is Josephine. I am Romeo and she is Juliet (pbs. org. n. d. A Brief History of Insanity Defense, â€Å"After Hinckley† , 1st paragraph). Hinckley was acquitted by the jury of 13 assault, murder and weapon counts and moreover, ruling him not guilty by reason of insanity. This resulted to a great American public uproar that call for thorough review of the insanity defense strategy and plugging loopholes in the justice system that allows an obviously guilty man to escape punishment. Senator Dan Quayle claimed that the insanity efense allowed pampering of criminals by allowing them to kill without conscience. The psychiatric and legal professional group called for the modification instead of total abolition of the insanity defense resulting to legislation called â€Å" The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984† ( 3rd paragraph). The act is a stricter version of the M’Naughten rule. The Cornell University Law School in 2006 released the following information related to a more stricter version ( article 17, Insanity defense, U. S. Code Collection, 1st paragraph) (a) Affirmative Defense. — It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under any Federal statute that, at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense. (b) Burden of Proof. — The defendant has the burden of proving the defense of insanity by clear and convincing evidence The burden of proof now is with the defendant and not with the prosecution. The defendant in order to qualify for the insanity defense must show proof that the disorder is severe. The volitional test that excused a defendant who lacked the capacity to fight the â€Å" irresistible impulse† was eliminated, in effect going back to the M’Naughten â€Å" right/wrong â€Å" standard of the 19th century. The influence of psychiatric testimony was effectively limited and more stricter procedure on hospitalization and release of those acquitted was put into effect. Thirty states adopted â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † while the three states of Montana, Utah and Idaho abolished completely the insanity defense strategy. In the year 2000, a provision to â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † was enacted nd 20 states instituted it. The provision is called â€Å" Guilty But Mentally Ill â€Å" or GBRI ( Chiacchia. 2006. Insanity defense, â€Å" Guilty but mentally ill†, 1st paragraph, line 2. ). Under the GBRI, the defendant can be sentenced guilty although he is legally insane. The convicted will be jailed and his mental illness will be checked by the government periodically. The criticism of GBRI lies on the fact that very few jail institution can actually look at the mental state of the convicted insane. Examining the success of using the insanity defense in this modern time, Chiacchia ( 2001 ) eported ( â€Å" Insanity defense statistics, 2nd paragraph) that: Successful NGRI defenses are rare. While rates vary from state to state, on average less than one defendant in 100-0. 85 percent-actually raises the insanity defense nationwide. Interestingly, states with higher rates of NGRI defenses tend to have lower success rates for NGRI defenses; the percentage of all defendants found NGRI is fairly constant, at around 0. 26 percent It shows from the statistics that the chances of acquittal using the insanity defense is very slim, considering that practically every loop hole in the American jurisprudence has been effectively ealed with the adoption of â€Å"Guilty But Mentally Ill† provision. Summary and Conclusion It is now a known fact that the insanity defense dates back in 17th century in Great Britain with the acquittal of David M’Naughten. The M’Naughten Right/Wrong Test underwent five modifications from 17th century up to the present time. A number of celebrated cases involving rich families and big political figures as victims in the past three centuries resulted to acquittal of the defendants in the light of the different legal interpretation of insanity defense among states. The acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr. who shot then U.  S. President Reagan and killed his press secretary in 1981 was the strong force that caused widespread public clamor for reviewing and unification of interpretation of the insanity defense strategy. At present, all states except for three ( Montana, Utah and Idaho which scrapped the insanity defense in its entirety) enacted the M’Naughten rule with modifications centered on the burden of insanity proof on the defendant. Twenty states enacted â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † with provision for Guilty But Mentally Ill, shutting the loopholes.

The Watergate Scandal Essay -- Papers History USA Government Corrupt E

The Watergate Scandal The mistrust most Americans feel toward the government officials and political parities of today can be traced back to the Watergate scandal of 1972, which led to the resignation of an American president. The crimes of the Watergate scandal included political burglary, bribery, extortion, wiretapping (phone tapping), conspiracy, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, tax fraud, illegal use of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), illegal campaign contributions, and use of taxpayers' money for private purposes. On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested at 2:30 a.m. They were caught trying to "bug" the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel and office complex in Washington D.C. When the police caught the men, they were in the office of Larry O'Brien. He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee, whose job was to aid political candidates in the Democratic party get elected. In 1972, O'Brien's main priority was to help the Democratic candidate for president, Senator George McGovern. The five men, who were arrested, were identified the next morning by two lawyers as, James W. McCord, Jr., Bernard L. Barker, Frank A. Sturgis, Virgilro R. Gonzalez, and Eugenio R. Martinez. Reporters and politicians were interested in this case because they found out that McCord was a former member of the CIA. Its agents are not permitted to spy on Americans. Not only was he a former member of the CIA, but now he worked for the Committee for the Re-election of the presi dent, or CRP. This Republican group was formed to help President Richard M. Nixon win a second term in office. Referring to G. Gordon Liddy, John M... ...at: "I shall resign presidency effective at noon tomorrow." (What Was Watergate? by: Pamela Kilian ) Gerald Ford was sworn in as president of the United States the next day. Watergate was not just a "third-rate burglary," as Nixon called it. It was much more. It led to many heinous crimes. It contributed many words and phrases to our present-day vocabulary. Because of this scandal, the suffix "-gate" will now be acquainted with every Washington mishap. Because of this scandal people look at government officials differently today than they did before 1970. Bibliography: What Was Watergate by: Pamela Kilian Internet: http://www.chron.com/content/interactive/special/watergate/chronology.html http://www.chron,com/cgi-bin/auth/story/c...t/chronicle/editorial/97/06/20/edit2.html http://www.netspace.net.au/~malcolm/wgate/intro.htm

The Kennewick Man is skeleton remains

The Kennewick Man is skeleton remains that date back to over 9,200 years ago.   The remains were found along the Columbia River in Washington State July of 1996 and since that time, eleven years ago, the remains have been in limbo.   The debate rests on who are entitled to the remains and in what context the remains should be handled.   There are three sides fighting for the remains the scientific community, the Mid-Columbian Tribal leaders and the Asatru Folk Assembly.Each have arguments on why they should have control and make decisions on what should happen to the remains.   When looking over the facts in this case one thing stands out that cannot be ignored.   That one this is a very important archeological and historical find and two that this could answer long awaited questions of who we are and where we came from.   Something fundamental to all human beings, but since the find moral and ethical questions have been raised that will define cultural beliefs and religi ous practices that will affect many in the United States.Let’s begin by discussing the Native American fight.   The Wanapum Band, The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, The Nez Perce Tribe, The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Nation believe the remains are that of their ancient ancestors and want the remains to be reburied.They believe that scientific study conducted or will be conducted makes little of the living tribal members.   On October 4, 2007 the Senate Committee approved a bill for the Native Americans to claim the remains.   At that time it was the third change proposed that would let recognized tribes claim remains even though no clear genetic connections were made.   But on November 1, 2007 Federal legislation gave protection to the opportunity of scientific study of the ancient remains. (http://www.kennewich-man.com).The scientific community of sociologist, anthropolo gist and archeologist believe this find is important to discovering how North America was populated 9,000 years ago.   Their belief is that the Kennewick man is more than likely related to the ancient Jomon.   They are ancestors of the Ainu people of Japan.   This varies from most accepted ancient history books.Doug Owsley, a forensic anthropologist for the Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C. has possession of the remains now and is conducing research.   James Chatters was the original scientist that worked on finding and cataloguing much of the remains.   There were eight anthropologists that sued the federal government for the right to study the remains they include six from universities across America and two from the Smithsonian Institute their names are Douglas Owsley, Dennis Stanford, Robison Binnichsen Gentry Steele, C. Loring Brace, George Gill, C. Vance Hanes Jr. and Richard Lantz.   Their argument is that no proof exists th at the skeleton has any relationship to any present tribes in the Mid-Columbia and that the remains are of European descent.Then there is the Asatru Folk Assembly this group is claiming kinship to the remains and believes that these are the remains showing that there was early migration of Europeans to North America thousands of years before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and that the study of these remains will prove this.   A vital key to proving their beliefs they have sided with the scientific community in the battle for scientific study and also assert the importance to everyone in finding out the truth.   This group believes in practicing Germanic and Celtic religious practices that date back several thousand years beginning in Europe.   They assert that their decedents are spread around the globe.   The name of the group comes from the Old Norse language.Even though there has been overwhelming scientific evidence suggesting the lack of traceable kinship to any of the American Indian tribes in modern times, â€Å"the Secretary of Interior determined that a shared group identity did indeed exist with a small number of native groups that currently live in the Kennewick area.† The Secretaries findings rest solely on the geographical context of the find and on oral traditions, while physical anthropological and archeological studies show that there is no biological connection and there are cultural differences between the Kennewick man and modern tribal groups. (http://physanth.org/positions/kennewick.html).After reading all of the material and researching I found several facts that I thought helped me to come to certain conclusions on who is right in this fight and who might be wrong.   At first when I saw the reconstruction of the skull done by forensic anthropologist, I saw a man that did not resemble native North American Indians.   It definitely looked like a man of European decent.   I found it problematic that DNA could not b e obtained because of the Indians belief against such scientific study and that there were laws protecting this belief.   I did learn though that there are some anthropologists that contradict the belief of the skull â€Å"not† being an ancestor of the Indians and found it to be very confusing.I believe that something so important should be studied, but felt that since it was found on government land and there is an agreement that was made between the tribes and government that all remains should be returned to the tribes for burial in their religious beliefs.   Since the beginning of this incident there has been study and research conducted on the remains, which to me should be sufficient data to be produced on what exactly this find means.   So why not make a compromise and return the remains to their lawful owners (the Indians) and let the scientific community keep whatever data they have compiled on the remains?Morally I feel that if after nine or ten years of study and research that no one has come up with any real clear data, then it just won’t happen.   I myself find it offensive that the Smithsonian still has stuffed humans in the basement of their institution and that this clearly shows total lack of consideration for cultures and humans around the globe.   Sometimes mysteries, even 9,000 year old mysteries, can never be solved and we all need to just accept this.Reference:http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/vergano/206-02-27-kennewick-man_x.htm

Geology Questions

1. )A mastodon was found in Lafayette after being in the ground for how long? A. )30-35 million B. )30-35 billion C. )100 thousand D. )13. 7 billion 2. )What is placing geological events in a sequential order as determined from their position in the geological record? A. )geologic time B. )Relative dating C. )Radiocarbon D. )tree-ring dating 3. )Which of the following methods can be used to demonstrate age equivalency of rock units? A. )Lateral tracing B. )Radiometric Dating C. )Guide fossils D. )Position in sequence E. )All of the above 1.The first form of horses had how many toes on each foot? a. three b. seven c. four d. five 2. Is evolution Darwin's theory? a. yes b. no c. I wasn't paying attention d. who cares 3. â€Å"Survival of the fiitest† was whose idea? a. Sir Charles Lyell b. Louis Agassiz c. Charles Darwin d. Robert T. Bakker 4. Darwin was a a. math professor b. famous cartoon character c. singer d. gradualist 1. Who is the  author of a  book  that detailedà ‚  the ideas of evolution and proposed a mechanism whereby evolution could take place? a) Gary Kinsland b) Charles Robert Darwin c) Alfred Russel Wallace d) Michael Jackson . Darwin and Wallace reading Malthus's essay came to the same conclusion and both presenting this conclusion to the Linnaean Society in London. The conclusion is called a) natural selection b) the big bang theory c) genetics d) all of the above 3. What is Jean Baptiste de Lemark's theory that new traits arise in organisms according to need somehow being passed onto their descendants? a) natural selection b) artificial selection c) inheritance of acquired characteristics d) all of the above 1. fossils are mainly found in what aspect? a. forests b. oceans c. land d. mountains 2. hat was Charles Drawin known for? a. His good looks b. his ideas about life c. the theory of evoloution 3. about how long ago was earth known to be formed? a. 200 thousand years ago b. one million years ago c. 4. 6 billion years ago d. no o ne really knows 1. Fossils are best preserved in the ____________. a. rocks b. ocean c. lava d. space 2. A single celled organism that grew and produced oxygen and its structures still remain. a. stramatalites b. algae c. coral reef d. plants 3. Which species is the best geologic record of evolution? a. pig b. passenger pigeon c. whooping crane d. horse ) What period does the Cenozoic era cover? a) 65. 5 Mya to present b) 250 million years ago to about 65 million years ago c) 542 to 251 million years ago d) None of the above 2) What is something Charles Darwin is known for? a) He created the theory of evolution b) He gave us the idea that species evolved in order to better suit their environment c) A and B d) None of the above 3) What kind of fossils are more informative a) Big Fossils, because they catch our imagination b) Microfossils, because they give us more details about the environment and the climate c) Fossils of small insects and plants ) B and C 1. Fossils that are easily identified are geographically widespread, and existed for a rather short interval of geologic time are particularly useful? A. fossils B. historical fossils C. guide fossils D. new fossils E. old fossils 2. Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating include all of the following except: A. Principle of the earth’s make-up B. Principle of superposition C. Principle of cross-cutting relationships D. Principle of lateral continuity E. Principle of original horizontality 3. It is the decay rate of _________ that geologists measure to determine the absolute ages of the rocks.A. atoms B. unstable isotopes C. elements D. fossils E. rocks 1. The  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   illustrates the interactions between Earth's internal and external processes and how the three rock groups are interrelated. A. Rock Cycle B. Lithospere C. Seafloor Spreading D. Oceanic chart 2. Geology is divided into two broad areas: Physical Geology and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚   A. Historical Geology B. Cultural Geology C. Statistical Geology D. Researched Geology 3. The theory that the seafloor moves away from spreading ridges and is eventually consumed at subduction zones is: A. Seafloor Spreading B. Pangaea C. Evolution D.Cross-cutting 1) How long ago was the earth formed? a) 5. 6 billion years b) 250 million years c) 4. 6 billion years d) 1. 2 billion years 2) Which time period precedes the triassic? a) Jurassic b) Permian c) Silurian d) Pre-Cambrian 3) What kind of unconformity is characterized by a change in the slope of the strata? a) Angular unconformity b) Paraconformity c) Disconformity d) Nonconformity 1. What era did the dinosaurs rome the earth? a. the Triassic Period b. Jurrasic Period c. Paleolithic period d. Neolithic Period 2. What is fossil succession? a. When fossils are lined up next to each other . When different animals are fossiled together c. The idea that he kinds of animals and plants found as fossils changed through time. 3. W hat is a Light year? a. A term made up by star wars b. a mile in space c. It is the distance that light can travel in one year. 1. ) James Hutton is know for A. Being the founder of modern geology B. Discovering radioactivity C. Creating the principle of cross-cutting relationships D. Both A. and C. 2. ) The first hard-shelled creatures evolved approximately A. 900 million years ago B. 2 million years ago C. 200 million years ago D. It is unknown 3. Carbon 14 is a radioactive ______ of carbon. A. Ion B. Isotope C. Particle D. Element In what direction does the Dekota Ridge run from the mountain it is connected to? A. Horizontal B. Vertical C. Perpendicular D. Parallel What animal was the first horse comparison to in size? A. Fish B. Bird C. Cat D. Dog What percentage of known species of life has disappeared? A. 73 B. 46 C. 90 D. 65 1. The first horses were no larger than what animal? a. Cats b. Cows c. Dogs d. Rabbits 2. Who first discussed the idea that species change to better sur vive their surroundings? a. Sir Isaac Newton b. Charles Darwin c.Albert Einstein d. Charles Manson 3. The first horses had how many toes? a. 3 b. 0 c. 5 d. 4 _________ is an informal term that encompasses all geologic time from 4. 6 to 4. 0 billion years ago. A. Archean B. siderian C. Hadean D. Stenian E. neoarchean The cratons are the foundations of continents, and along their margins more continental crust was added, a process called ________. A. Continental accretion B. shield C. Precambrian D. Canadian shield E. protocontinents Any change in the genetic makeup of species is called ______. A. Macroevolution B. convergence C. Evolution D. Cladistics E. microevolution 1.How many toes did the first horses have? a. 4 b. 3 c. 6 d. none 2. Who said that species gradually change to suit there natural habitat? a. Chuck Norris b. Charles Darwin c. Jesus d. both a and c 3. Darwin gave us the _________ of evolution. a. theory b. phone number c. dictionary d. method What percentage of known species of life have disappeared? A. 70 B. 69 C. 90 D. 45 1. ) What do Paleontologists call the â€Å"missing links† that connect the descendants with ancestors when providing evidence for evolution with fossils? A. Trace Fossils B. Body Fossils C. Dino Bones D. Transitional Fossils E. Vestigial Structures 2. What is the type of structure that may be superficially similar and serve the same function, as in the wings of insects and birds, but they are dissimilar in structure and development? A. Constructed Structure B. Analogous Structure C. Twin Structure D. Homologous Structure E. Classification Structure 3. ) What principle, articulated by Charles Lyell, became the guiding principle of geology, which holds that the laws of nature have been constant through time and that the same process operating today have operated in the past, although not necessarily at the same rates? A. Uniformitarianism B. Diesm C. Conformism D.Baptism E. Cannibalism 1) The universe is approximately _ ______ times older than the Earth. a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Six 2. ) Fossils are best preserved a. in Oceans b. in Mountains c. on Land d. in Outer Space 3. Earth is ________ years old. a. 3. 7 billion b. 13. 7 billion c. 4. 6 billion d. 4. 6 million e. None of the above 1. How long can Carbon14 be used? A. 55,000 years B. 75,000 years C. 10,000 years D. 1,000,000 years E. Unknown 2. Who founded radioactivity? A. Madame Marie Cury B. James Hudton C. Gary Kinsland D. James Newton E. It is unknown 3. Which time period marked the 1st period of shelled organisms?A. Cambrian B. Jurassic C. Paleozoic D. Mesozoic E. Both A and C 4. The parent-daughter ratio is usually determined by what? A. atomic mass number B. alpha decay C. mass spectrometer D. track dating E. none of the above 5. The process of demonstrating the time equivalency of rock unit in different areas is: A. relative dating B. correlation C. radioactive decay D. Both A and C E. None of the above 6. Who is credited with formu lating the principle of cross-cutting relationships? A. Nicolas Steno B. James Hutton C. Lord Kelvin D. Madame Cury E. None of the above 1) What is Absolute Dating? )When male and female rocks form together to make another rock b)a common method of obtaining absolute ages c)When Powell led a second expedition down the Colorado River in 1871 d)Specific dates for rock units or events expressed in years before the present 2) Who is the Father of Modern Geology? a)Albert Einstein b)James Usher c)James Hutton d) Alexander the Great 3) What is a secondary way to determine relative ages of rocks, other than by of heat? a)Principle of Fossil Succession b)Principle of Fossil Assemblages c)Principle of Inclusions d)Superposition 1) Which of the following is not a type of strata unconformities? A. Disconformity B.Lateral Unconformity C. Angular Unconformity D. Nonconformity 2) How do scientists correlate rock units over a large area? A. Principle of Superposition B. Principle of Inclusions C. Principle of Fossil Succession D. Contact Metamorphism 3) Radioactive decay occurs at a ______ rate. Therefore, a graph of the decay rate produces a ______. A. linear / straight line B. geometric / curve C. linear / curve D. geometric / straight line 1. ________ reproduction hinders evolution. a. Sexual b. Asexual c. Pansexual d. Infrequent 2. Earth's atmospheric shift from a mainly carbon dioxide atmosphere to a mainly oxygen atmosphere was caused by _______. . life on Earth b. the recycling of igneous rocks c. the earth cooling down d. every being on earth holding its breath at the same time 3. The â€Å"Cambrian Explosion† features life forms that have _______ for the very first time. a. extremities b. fur c. hard shells d. beaks 4. Rocks are to â€Å"Orientals† just as rocks are to _______. a. â€Å"Occidentals† b. Asians c. Blacks d. people from Oregon 1. What is an outcrop? a. a place where rocks come out to the surface b. a 1960's hair-cut c. inserts of y ounger rock in existing older rock d. the head of vegetables in a field 2. what is the most common mineral in the Earth? a. silicon b. feldspar . sediment d. rocks 3. which carbon type is radio-active? a. carbon X b. carbon 18 c. carbon Z3 d. carbon 14 1. Fossilization is a very unusual process, even in the ocean because of A. people tampering with the process B. scavengers C. the amount of water it's under D. natural disasters that occur 2. Why is an anoxic environment the best way for an fossil to become preserved? A. It stops the scavengers from living B. People aren't able to survive in that type of environment C. It speeds up the process D. None of the above 3. What type of organisms are more likely to become fossilized? A. One with bones B. any type C. One with a shellD. both A and C 1. When the oldest layers are on bottom? (Class notes) A) Original Continuity B) Superposition C) Original Horizontality D) Radio Activity 2. When were plants and animals abundant on land accordin g to video #1's geologic time calendar year? A) Early March B) Late March C) Late July D) Late November 3. How were fossils formed? (Video #2) A) Molds of an organism B) Crystallized casts C) Fossil tracks and burrows D) All of the above .)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preservation from fossils are best a. In oceans b. On land c. In mountains d. grass 2. )  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the most common types of fossils? a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Molded b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cast c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imprint )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whole animal 3. )  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where is the best place to bury yourself if you would like to be preserved? a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Great plains b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rocky mountains c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gulf of Mexico d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevada 1. Which is the oldest of the geologic time scale_____? a. cambrian b. permian c. jurassic d. mississippian 2. Which is the oldest of the geologic time scale_____? a. cambrian b. permian c. jurassic d. mississippian 3. What is educa tion______? a. learning b. going to school c. learning while going to school d. the process of becoming disabused of your preconsumed notions 1. Early Earth's atmosphere was largely made up of what? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C.Carbon-Dioxide D. Carbon-Monoxide 2. The arrival of hard shell organisms was in which period? A. Siluvian B. Cambrian C. Permian D. There from the beginning 3. What is the most common kind of fossil? A. Molds B. Tracks C. Bones D. Shells Professor Kinsland mainly supports what other University (other than ULL)? A) LSU B)University of Oregon C)UNO D)University of Texas Algae is A) one of the simplest life forms B) a complicated living being C) a mineral D) a fossil About how many miles of compacted fossils, minerals, etc. are buried beneath our feet from the past million years? A) 10 miles B) 2000 miles C) 8 miles D) none; they disenegrate

Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante

1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor... Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante Free Essays on Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato And Dante 1. Dikaiosyne – literally means justice in Ancient Greek; however there are several different interpretations as to what justice can mean. In The Oresteia by Aeschylus the definition of dike is the relationship between individuals. Justice becomes an issue of to what extent we are responsible for our actions and furthermore dike is seen as a correction of a wrong. In the Oresteia a complicated series of events plague the house of Atreus of Argos (Agamemnon, pg1) following the end of the Trojan War. Agamemnon returns from the war a hero, but upon his arrival he is murdered by his wife’s lover and his cousin. However, the reasons for his murder are not simple. The murder is only a small part of a cycle of vengeance that began between the cousin’s fathers. Aegisthus motivation for murdering Agamemnon was in retribution for the crimes committed against his father. As a result, Orestes, Agamemnon’s remaining son, is now responsible for avenging his father’s death. Orestes avenges the death by murdering his mother and Aegisthus for which he receives his mother’s curse. Orestes is th en plagued by the Furies for the murder. However, this poses the question of whether it is possible to end the cycle that this interpretation of dike establishes. A trial follows in Athens in which the cycle is finally ended with the help of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Aeschylus, through the trial, is trying to say that the old cyclical system of revenge need not continue. In a democratic society with old laws and practices, there can be tribunal and judgment can be settled with wisdom (phronesis – wisdom along with justice will work). In addition his goal was to provide a functioning system of justice that does not involve the direct intervention of the gods. Plato interprets dike as acting in accordance to one’s station in life. Plato describes his concept of justice in terms of the allegory of the metals. People are bor...

Dubois Surname Meaning and Origin

Dubois Surname Meaning and Origin The ancient French surname duBois derived from the Old French bois meaning wood and was a French topographical name given to a man who lived or worked in the woods, or who worked as a woodcutter. Similar in origin to the WOOD surname in England and America. DUBOIS is the 8th most popular surname in France. Surname Origin:  French Alternate Surname Spellings:  BOIS, DUBOS, DUBOST, DUBOISE, DEBOSE, DUBAIS, DUBAISE, DESBOIS, BOST, DUBOICE, DUBOYS, DUBOSC, DUBUSK Where Do People With the DUBOIS Surname Live? WorldNames PublicProfiler identifies the largest population of individuals with the DuBois surname in France followed, as you might expect, by Belgium and Switzerland, and then Canada. Within France, the surname is most prevalent in the northern regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardie, followed by the Wallonie region of Belgium. The name in France is also fairly common throughout the central part of the country, from Paris stretching north, east and west. Data from Forebears agrees, ranking DuBois as the 4th most common surname in France and 17th in Belgium. It is also prevalent in French territories and collectives such as New Caledonia and French Polynesia, as well as countries which formerly belonged to France, such as The Ivory Coast. The Dubose surname variant is most commonly found in the United States. Famous People With the Surname DUBOIS Allison DuBois - American psychic/mediumW.E.B. duBois - African-American writer, historian and socialistAntoine DuBois - French surgeonCharles Frà ©dà ©ric Dubois - Belgian naturalistLouis DuBois -  Huguenot colonist in New NetherlandShirley Graham Du Bois - American writer, composer and civil rights activist Genealogy Resources for the Surname DUBOIS Common French Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your French last name with this free guide to French surnames meanings and origins. DuBose-DuBois DNA ProjectOver 100 group members belong to this Y-DNA surname project, working together to combine DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out DuBose and DuBois ancestral lines. Includes individuals with DuBoise, DuBoice, DuBoys, DuBosc, DuBusk and similar surname variants.   Dubois Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Dubois family crest or coat of arms for the Dubois surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   DuBois Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Dubois surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Dubois query. FamilySearchAccess over 1.7 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Collins surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DUBOIS Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Dubois surname.  You can also browse or search the list archives to explore previous postings for the Dubois surname. The DuBois Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Dubois from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go

Boston University Summer Challenge Should You Go SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this guide, I'll be discussing the Boston University Summer Challenge, a summer program for high school students at Boston University.Duringthe program, students take non-credit college-level courses, live on campus, and explore all that BU and Boston have to offer. While you can read aboutthis programon the BU Summer Challenge website, the information available is somewhat spotty and what is there can be difficult to dissect. For this reason, I spoke to the program coordinators and gathered everything you need to know about the program into this easy-to-read guide. I’ve created a Table of Contents so you can find the specific infoyou need, but I suggest reading the entire article in order: What Is the BU Summer Challenge? What Do You Do? Why Should You Attend? How To Apply and Application Requirements How Much Does It Cost? Tips on How to Get In FeaturedImage:ViaWikipedia What Is the Boston University Summer Challenge? What Activities Do Participants Do? The Boston University Summer Challenge is a two-week program for rising high school sophomore, juniors, and seniors that offers a preview of college life.During each of the three summer sessions, between 100 and 300 high school take two non-credit seminars and live on BU’s campus in the dorms. As a participant, you choose a morning seminar and afternoon seminar. In between your morning and afternoon seminars, you have lunch in one of BU's dining halls.After your afternoon seminar and on weekends, youparticipate in organized social activities such as exploring areas of Boston, shopping, seeing improv shows, and more. The exact social programming will vary from year to year. You also have plenty of free time to do your seminar assignments, explore Boston on your own, and explore BU's campus (you'll have free access to the libraries and canpurchase a short-term membership to Boston University's Fitness Recreation Center). In yourseminars, you'll be expected to attend lectures, engage in discussions, attend field trips, and completeindividual work,group work, and project-based assignments. The seminars have small class sizes (10 to 24 students)to ensure that you get sufficient attention from your experienced college instructors as you arechallenged with the college-level material taught in your seminar. Each seminar ends witha final in-class presentation. At the end of the summer (typically, in August/September), a certificate of completion and letters of evaluation from both seminar instructors will be sentto you. Listed below are the seminars that were offered in Summer 2015. (Summer 2016 seminars have not yet been announced.) Morning Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Chemistry of Medicine Creative Writing Electrical Engineering The History of Boston International Politics Journalism Nutrition Visual Arts Afternoon Seminars Abnormal Psychology Business: From the Ground Up Communication Computer Science Economics Infectious Diseases Law Persuasive Writing Philosophy Photography Who’s Eligible for the BU Summer Challenge Program? The basic application requirements for all applicants are: Be a rising high school sophomore, junior, orsenior If you’re an international student, you also must meet the following qualifications: Have a valid passport Have health insurance While these are the only requirements needed to apply, there are more qualifications that will help you get in. Read those below in our Tips on How to Get Insection. What Are the Program Dates for Summer 2016? The programs dates for Summer 2016 are: Session 1: June 19 - July 1, 2016 Session 2: July 10 - July 22, 2016 Session 3: July 24 - August 5, 2016 Why Should You Attend the BU Summer Challenge Program? I’d highly recommend doing the Boston University Summer Challenge if you can afford it and it works in your summer schedule. I participated in a similar program at UCLA, and the program helpedme figure out whether I was interested in attending UCLA (which I found out I wasn’t) and what kind of coursework I wanted to pursue. I’ve broken down the pros and cons of attending the programbelow. Pros of BU Summer Challenge Test out BU to see if it’s the right college for you. Take non-credit college coursesto helpfigure out what you might be interested in majoring in (you could find out you hate art and want to study biology or vice versa). It's better to figure this out in high school rather than halfway through college when you've already spent a lot of time and money on classes you ended up not liking. Receive two letters of evaluation(one from each of your seminar teachers) at the end of the program, which could be used as supplementary letters of recommendation for college. As a residential student for twoweeks, you get to test out living away from home for the first time. My friends and I who did the UCLA summer program struggled a lot less with homesickness once we started college than our peers. Have a college program on your resume for your college applications. While there is no guarantee of admissions and no guarantee that participating will better your chances of admission, the BU admissions office likes to see that you’ve shown a significant interest in the university. Doing this program will show them your interest. Cons of BU Summer Challenge Expensive (I discuss the exact cost below). You can't get college credit while some similar programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program do offer classes for credit. No financial aid available while at some other programs such as the Emory Pre-College Program, there is financial aid available. How To Apply and Application Requirements Applications are accepted on a rolling basis beginning in the January before the summer session.You typically receive aresponse via email within threeweeks of submitting your application. The application deadline for summer 2016 has not yet been posted. It will be posted on the BU Summer Challenge website after December 15th. However, as the website says, students who apply earlier "are more likely to receive the session and seminar selections of their choice," so you should submit your application ASAP. To apply, you must: Pay a $50 non-refundable application fee paid by credit card. Complete an online application that includes a 500 - 750-word personal statement describing why you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program. Email a copy of your complete high school transcript, including your fall grades, to summerhs@bu.edu. Additionally, international studentsmust: Complete an international student form. Submit a copy of your passport. If the primary language of instruction at your high school is not English, you will likely be asked to provide proof of proficiency such as a TOEFL score (though this is on a case by case basis). How Much Does BU Summer Challenge Cost? The feefor the BU Summer Challenge includes tuition, housing, and all meals in the dining hall. It also includes textbooks and all sponsored activities during the two-week program.The program cost for the BU Summer Challenge in 2015 was $3730.This may be changing for Summer 2016, but it hasn’t yet been announced.Additionally, as I mentionedearlier, there is a $50 non-refundable application fee (which will stay the same in 2016). Is There Financial Aid? Unfortunately, there is no financial aid available for this program. However, I have some advice for quick ways to raise money if you're hoping to attend but can't afford tuition: Try using an online crowdfunding platform such as Go Ennounce (which is specifically for students looking to fundraise), Go Fund Me, or IndieGoGo. Write lettersto friends, family, employers, local businesses and churches asking for support. Reach out to civic organizations in your area, such as Rotary and Kiwanis, to see if they could offer ascholarship. 3 Tips onFundraising Your BU Summer Challenge Tuition Tip #1: When you write your explanation on the crowdfunding platform, write your letters tothe community, or reach out to civic organizations, make sure you share your personal story and explain why the BU Summer Challenge program is important to you and will help you achieve your future goals. This explanationshould be similar to your personal statement for the program (which, as I said above, asks you to describewhy you want to attend the BU Summer Challenge Program). Tip #2: Share your fundraising campaign on social media and ask your friends and family to share your campaign on their social media if they're unable to donate. Tip #3: Write a thank you note for every donation you receive. Tips on How to GetAccepted If you’re hoping to attend the Boston University Summer Challenge, your high school transcript and personal statement need to show you off in a positive light. While there is no specific GPA required for admission, the program coordinators said they preferred applicants with at least a 3.0 unweighted GPA.To have the best shot of being accepted, you should try to get your unweighted GPA at or above a 3.0.While you may not have a lot of time before applying, there are ways to raise your GPA fast. The BU Summer Challenge Programdoes not tell the public itsacceptancerate, but the program website says they look for "motivated high school students who are taking a college preparatory curriculum. Your high school transcript and personal statement are both taken into account when admission decisions are made." Additionally, I spoke to the program coordinators who indicated that most students with a 3.0 or higher are accepted into the program. For your personal statement, make sure you show off your personality, explain your love for BU, and explain why you want to be a part of the Summer Challenge. If you need help writing the personal statement, read our other great guide with tips on writing a personal statement. What’s Next? Learn about the college application process: How To Do College Research Right: Step-By-Step Guide Complete Strategies: Common App Essay Prompts (2015-16) How to Pay for College: A Complete Guide Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Noise Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Noise Pollution - Essay Example Sound is made up of longitudinal waves that travel through air and cause certain materials to vibrate and create sound. The common characteristics of sound are intensity, frequency, amplitude and velocity. Sound cannot travel in outer space because it is a vacuum. (Ron Kurtus, 2009) According to Kurtus atoms and molecules that float in outer space are too far apart to actually cause any vibration or sound. A loud explosion in outer space would hardly be heard because of the vacuum. Unlike electromagnetic waves that easily travel through space through electrical and magnetic fields, sound waves are caused due to vibration of matter. (Ron Kurtus, 2009) The intensity of sound varies from human to human due to varying hearing sensitivity and therefore cannot be generalized. Sounds which could be normal for some could be harsh for others. Sound frequencies ranging between 1000 Hz and 5000 Hz seem most sensitive to the human ear. However, a normal human ear with the right hearing ability has the lowest threshold of approximately 4000 Hz for comfortable hearing. When sound intensity goes beyond this threshold it tends to impact on the ear causing damage. Such intense sounds include loud explosions, blasts, crashes and noise from heavy machinery etc. Prolonged exposure to such intensity of sounds is liable to lead to permanent damage. Sound intensity is described as the average rate of sound energy flow across a perpendicular surface in the line of propagation. Sound intensity is measured by special units, namely, bel and decibel which are logarithmic. If there is an increase of 1 bel, the intensity of the sound increases ten fold. An i ncrease of 1 dB increases the intensity by approximately 25% and the change in audibility can hardly be detected. The threshold for human hearing is 0 dB sound intensity. The intensity of sound decreases as distance is increased. (www.physicsclassroom.com) The frequency of

History of berlin and reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of berlin and reflection - Assignment Example to be followed subsequently by its role between the years 1871-1918 A.D., in the German Empire. Between 1919 and 1933, it served as the Weimar Republic’s capital, later on serving the Third Reich between the years 1933-1945. While the entity had held the position of 3rd largest municipality globally, WWII brought about major changes, which were to impact fundamentally, on its overall standing and role-play; not only in terms of German history, but also global geo-politics. Hence, the critical place it holds in history, and the need for its reflection on contemporary society (Gill 13). The Kreuzberg neighborhood, part of the larger Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, remains one of the prime locations, within the greater Berlin municipality. Colloquially referred to as X-Berg, the area consists primarily of two distinct areas i.e. the SO 36 and SW 61. SO 36 mainly is home to various immigrant populations, thus the divergent cultural and religious identities present. History dealt a heavy blow to this area, especially during the ‘Cold War’ Era thereby isolating the section of the former West Berlin territory. However, later it emerged as one of the city’s core cultural centers. This is critically influenced by the fact that it is in the middle of the contemporary re-unified city. This also influences the trendy nature of the neighborhood, primarily influenced by Turkish culture. This is as a result of the populace present in the borough, with a large percentage of its populace, being second-generation individuals of Turkish ancestry. Importantly so, the neighborhood continues being an attractive area to visit, thriving on its diverse culture; with the counter-culture tradition symbolically present until this very day. Moreover, while having a shorter history than most of Berlin, the neighborhood is uniquely the most populous;

Television and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Television and film - Essay Example Some of the mostly tackled subjects today would be the notion of masculinity, femininity, courtship, and marriage where conservative ways are now being represented in a reversed way. The women now play as the breadwinner, self-empowered, and independent. To have a fulfilling marriage, they often times illustrate it with a third party. Hence, as these kinds of shows are highly promoted to bring in more sales for a network, new and avid imitators of each character of a movie or series would be spawned, depending on their relatability to the audience (Television in American Popular Culture, n.d.). With this said, the visual entertainment media is indeed very significant in shaping the mindset and attitude of American culture today on every subject. The social influences of this kind of visual entertainment when it comes to the notion of femininity is mostly positive wherein women are now seen as equals with men. However, the value of courtship and marriage is continuously degraded especially when films embrace a more adventurous take on it, mocking the sanctity of respect, loyalty, and

The Motorcycles Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Motorcycles Company - Essay Example The size of these engines ranges from 500 cc to 1000 cc. Now the organization is planning to introduce large tour class motorcycles in order to target those customers who love to travel long distance. The proposed target market for this segmented motor cycles are the males aged between 35 and 60. The organization is targeting the customers whose income level ranges from 55, 000 US dollar to 100, 000 US dollars. The management of the organization decided to develop new strategies for newly proposed motorcycles. In addition to this, the organization will try to continue with its existing products in order to maintain existing client base. Discussion This part of the essay will outline required process steps that are required to develop the motor cycle. Process Steps and Rational for response First of all, it is important for a project manager to identify key suppliers for the required engines that are used in touring class motorcycles. Many suppliers and distributors are available in t he market. But it will be effective for the organization to rely on old and existing suppliers. The project management team should find out effective and skilled workforce who has the ability to fix the engines and parts and develop new touring class motor cycle. It has been discussed in the case study that the organization is trying to use larger than 1100 cc engines in their touring class motor cycle. ... The organization should develop a budget for manufacturing and distributing these motorcycles to end customers. The organization should try to give high quality parts and engines in the motorcycle to gain significant customer loyalty and high brand preference. In addition to this, effective budget management process will help the organization to determine the pricing of motorcycles. The project management team should try to incorporate advanced technology in business process as it will help the organization to reduce the operating time and cost. In addition to this, the employees of organization can feel limited work pressure by this strategy implication. Promotion is an important element for an organization to market its products and services. Motorcycle rally, digital media promotions and online advertising will help the organization to create huge brand awareness. Last but not the least; the organization should give value to after sales service and feedback process as it will help the organization’s project management team to improve the quality of the motorcycles. Recommended Strategy to senior executives It is important for the organization to focus on its existing business activities rather than wholly focus on new business strategies. It is true that the organization is implementing new business and product differentiation strategy based on the recognition and profitability of existing business. The senior executives should realize that maintaining business sustainability in the long term is the important objective for the organizations. On the other hand, creating some brand awareness on the mind of target customers for the newly developed motorcycle would serve short term needs of this motorcycle company. It is impossible for the organization to

The United States Invasion of Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States Invasion of Iraq - Essay Example By mid-April, 2003, Hussein's army and the government had collapsed, and the allies were largely in control of the major Iraqi cities. The allies gradually turned their attention to the rebuilding of Iraq and the establishment of a new Iraqi government, but progress toward that end was hampered by lawlessness, especially in Baghdad, where U.S. forces had tolerated widespread looting initially. On May 1, President Bush declared victory in the war against Iraq. No weapons of mass destruction, however, were found, leading to charges that U.S. and British leaders had exaggerated the Iraqi biological and chemical threat in order to justify the war. From this fact it's possible to make a conclusion that weapons of mass destruction weren't the main reason for the war, but only a cause, "casus belli". I think that the root of the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 is control over oil fields. The background of 2nd Gulf War (2003) comes from an armed conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 32 nations including the United States, Britain, Egypt, France, and Saudi Arabia called the 1st Persian Gulf War in 1991. It was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990; Iraq then annexed Kuwait, which it had long claimed. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein declared that the invasion was a response to overproduction of oil in Kuwait, which had cost Iraq an estimated $14 billion a year when oil prices fell. Hussein also accused Kuwait of illegally pumping oil from Iraq's Rumaila oil field. During August 1990 Iraq was sending more and more troops streaming into Kuwait, by August 6 there were nearly eleven combat divisions. Intelligence analysts at the time understood that Iraq had enough troops in the area to roll over Saudi Arabia nearly as easily as they had done to Kuwait. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia recognized his situation as dire and immediately requested aid from his most powerful friend and ally, the United States. President Bush promptly ordered the deployment of U.S. ground and air forces to Saudi territory. U.S. Navy ships were also deployed to the region. So began the operation to defend Saudi Arabia that would be called "Desert Storm".   The UN Security Council called for Iraq to withdraw and subsequently embargoed most trade with Iraq. On August 7, U.S. troops moved into Saudi Arabia to protect Saudi oil fields. On November 29, the United Nations set January 15, 1991, as the deadline for a peaceful withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. When Saddam Hussein refused to comply, Operation "Desert Storm" was launched on January 18, 1991, under the leadership of U.S. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf. The U.S.-led coalition began a massive air war to destroy Iraq's forces and military and civil infrastructure. Iraq called for terrorist attacks against the coalition and launched Scud missiles at Israel (in an unsuccessful attempt to widen the war and break up the coalition) and at Saudi Arabia. The main coalition forces invaded Kuwait and S Iraq on February 24 and, over the next four days, encircled and defeated the Iraqis and liberated Kuwait. When U.S. President George H. W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28, most of the Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Building a Strong Brand Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Building a Strong Brand - Case Study Example Within the industry some are questioning the long-term strategy of confectionery in the Nestl group, after the company announced that it wants to position itself as a "health, nutrition and wellness company". Competition - Nestl owns more than 25% of the L'Oral beauty business. When L'Oral purchased The Body Shop in May 2006, L'Oral handed back a 14% stake in the fair trade Day Chocolate Company, formally held by The Body Shop. Nestl has been dogged with adverse publicity surrounding its ethics in baby milk production, and it would seem that a share in The Day Chocolate company would have been untenable. Nestl launched a fair trade coffee, Partners' Blend, in 2005, which may signal a company intention to enter the fair trade chocolate market. Product Strategy - Nestl appears to be following a different premium strategy, bundling non-edible products to enhance gift status and encourage price trade up. To some degree this may be due to an over-reliance on child-targeted products and character licences in the portfolio. However, by offering non-edible components the amount of chocolate is limited and products might be perceived as healthier, thereby dovetailing into the over-arching Nestl Strategy towards health. Across the child-targeted everyday chocolate products, Nestl has followed a strategy of reformulating recipes to replace artificial ingredients with natural flavouring and colouring. This is a different aspect to the wider healthy eating agenda. Brand offering/product portfolio A large range of seasonal products are available, with a strong presence in novelties. Nestl uses the boxed chocolate brands to offer seasonal packaging formats and purchases character licences to offer products targeted to children. Easter - Value-added non-edible gifts are being added to products as an alternative strategy to encourage premium trade up. For Easter 2006, Nestle mugs and games featured on a Yorkie Subbuteo football egg and also a Milkybar Buckaroo egg. Christmas - The chunky chocolate brand Yorkie follows a masculine strategy and this was used for several Christmas products. 'Hot Stuff' was a rum flavoured version launched for the winter season 2005. A pint glass filled with Yorkie chunks, and a roulette game featuring a spicy chocolate were also available. Nestl claim that the products satisfied men's most popular hobbies of drinking and eating spicy food. Other occasions - A packaging strategy is used on the Yorkie brand to

The United States Invasion of Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The United States Invasion of Iraq - Essay Example By mid-April, 2003, Hussein's army and the government had collapsed, and the allies were largely in control of the major Iraqi cities. The allies gradually turned their attention to the rebuilding of Iraq and the establishment of a new Iraqi government, but progress toward that end was hampered by lawlessness, especially in Baghdad, where U.S. forces had tolerated widespread looting initially. On May 1, President Bush declared victory in the war against Iraq. No weapons of mass destruction, however, were found, leading to charges that U.S. and British leaders had exaggerated the Iraqi biological and chemical threat in order to justify the war. From this fact it's possible to make a conclusion that weapons of mass destruction weren't the main reason for the war, but only a cause, "casus belli". I think that the root of the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 is control over oil fields. The background of 2nd Gulf War (2003) comes from an armed conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 32 nations including the United States, Britain, Egypt, France, and Saudi Arabia called the 1st Persian Gulf War in 1991. It was a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990; Iraq then annexed Kuwait, which it had long claimed. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein declared that the invasion was a response to overproduction of oil in Kuwait, which had cost Iraq an estimated $14 billion a year when oil prices fell. Hussein also accused Kuwait of illegally pumping oil from Iraq's Rumaila oil field. During August 1990 Iraq was sending more and more troops streaming into Kuwait, by August 6 there were nearly eleven combat divisions. Intelligence analysts at the time understood that Iraq had enough troops in the area to roll over Saudi Arabia nearly as easily as they had done to Kuwait. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia recognized his situation as dire and immediately requested aid from his most powerful friend and ally, the United States. President Bush promptly ordered the deployment of U.S. ground and air forces to Saudi territory. U.S. Navy ships were also deployed to the region. So began the operation to defend Saudi Arabia that would be called "Desert Storm".   The UN Security Council called for Iraq to withdraw and subsequently embargoed most trade with Iraq. On August 7, U.S. troops moved into Saudi Arabia to protect Saudi oil fields. On November 29, the United Nations set January 15, 1991, as the deadline for a peaceful withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. When Saddam Hussein refused to comply, Operation "Desert Storm" was launched on January 18, 1991, under the leadership of U.S. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf. The U.S.-led coalition began a massive air war to destroy Iraq's forces and military and civil infrastructure. Iraq called for terrorist attacks against the coalition and launched Scud missiles at Israel (in an unsuccessful attempt to widen the war and break up the coalition) and at Saudi Arabia. The main coalition forces invaded Kuwait and S Iraq on February 24 and, over the next four days, encircled and defeated the Iraqis and liberated Kuwait. When U.S. President George H. W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28, most of the Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Rebuttal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rebuttal Argument - Essay Example His work demands attention because the U.S. grading system receives criticism on a permanent basis due to problems of high school graduates who lack the competencies required to be successful in college and occupations. Knight’s claims are flawed because of the following reasons: he has a biased example, from which he bases hasty generalizations; he commits the ad hominem fallacy, when he judges students as generally self-entitled; and he uses the grading system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation and learning. Knight argues that the grading system is flawed because, based on his experience, since self-entitled students manage to get high grades with minimal effort, grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. He exemplifies students, who choose easy teachers, or those who give high grades, though he focuses on students and their parents, who harass teachers to give these students higher grades because of self-entitlement. Self-entitlement means that because they passed exams and completed requirements, they feel that they deserve at least a B grade. Finally, Knight proposes comprehensive exams that have depth and breadth as a better measure of subject competencies. He states that the results of these exams should replace high school grades in college assessment processes and outcomes. Though Knight touches on some of the limitations of the grading system in his school, he has a biased sample, from which he bases hasty generalizations. His experiences with self-entitled students come from his own limited class interactions. Yet, he states categorically that this problem affects the entire country: â€Å"While I can only speak to grading practices at my school, I suspect that these concerns are endemic throughout high schools nationwide† (Knight). Though his experience somehow proves that grades are false indicators of competency for his class, he cannot say t hat his students represent the majority of American students. Because his sampling is biased, he cannot make the hasty generalization that grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. Some students, who work hard for their grades and have learned competencies, are exceptions to his hasty generalizations. Aside from biased sampling and hasty generalization, Knight commits the ad hominem fallacy when he judges students as generally self-entitled, so their grades do not measure their competencies. He approaches the problem with the grading system from the assumption that self-entitled students have made it an unreliable performance measurement. He suggests that these students are cheaters and lazy in learning class materials; thus, their grades do not reflect their mastery of their subjects. He does not consider that several self-entitled students may actually have mastered their courses, but their levels do not fit the grades that they are demanding for. Some se lf-entitled students may have motivation problems only, not learning deficits. Finally, Knight uses the grading system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation toward learning. He blames self-entitled students, including the idea of self-entitled American culture, for poor learning among high school students. He does not co

Child and Young Person Development Essay Example for Free

Child and Young Person Development Essay 1) Describe, using the examples in the case study, the kinds of influences that affect children and young peoples development. Include examples from the family and childrens background, health and environment. (2.1) In the case study there are many influences that affect the children and young peoples development in the family; this can be because of the background of the family, the health and also the environment they live in. The mother and father were both in foster care when they were young, so they won’t have a motherly/fatherly figure to look up to when looking after their own children. Their fridge/freezer is broken so they can’t keep food fresh, so they will have to eat tinned food. The twins, Melody and Michael, were born 14 weeks premature so they will need all the nutrience they can get to help them grow and get healthy. The flat they all live in is crowded because there are 8 of them to share 3 bedrooms and a small lounge and kitchen. The lift in the flat is broken so the children cant go out to play and get exercise. Also when the lift isnt working the twins cannot attend the nursery, so they will not learn all the simple things you learn in nursery. The mother cannot leave the flat to shop for food, so they will have to eat less food for each meal to last them until she can get to the shops. Also their father cannot leave the flat because he has a severe disability and he has to stay in bed. He can’t even work because of it, and the mother cant work because she has to look after the children and Wayne too, so they have to live on benefits. Their flat is right next to an industrial estate where many chemicals are used; it is letting off all the chemicals and polluting the air. Therefore the children cant really go out anyway because of the polluted air, it will make them ill. Nigel, who is 7, has asthma and it gets worse when the weather is overcast. Also it doesnt help when the flat has damp patches everywhere that will make Nigels asthma worse. These are the influences that affect the children and young people’s development in the case study. 2) Describe, with examples, the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s  development. (2.2) It is important to recognise and to respond to concerns about children and young people’s development. To prevent a child or young person being neglected or in risk of harmful situations such as violence, drugs or alcohol misuse you can deliver early intervention. This is a support system for children with developmental disabilities or delays and their families. If someone recognises a child or young person getting hurt/abused by parents/family then they should respond to it by calling the social services. That way they can deal with the abuse, and take the child away from the family. Then the child couldn’t get hurt and they will be able to develop more. If you was a student and have a work placement at a nursery/ preschool and you notice that a child has bruises or is acting in a weird way, like being really quite than usual you may think that something is wrong. There are a couple of things you could do; you could ask the child if there is anything wrong if you get no answer then you could tell your supervisor or another member of staff. That way they could do something about it such as, they can ask the child what’s wrong or they could contact the parents. In the case study the family live in a flat right next to an industrial estate which is letting off lots of chemicals and polluting to air, and the children can’t go out to play because of that, it could make them really ill. The parents could go/talk to the council about getting a council house, and then the children can go out and play to get exercise to help them to develop. These are some ways of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development.

Malaysias Management of Resources

Malaysias Management of Resources 1.0 INTRODUCTION Economies can be defined as, thrifty management of resources, such as land, labour, capital and enterprenuership learned to practice economy in making out the household budget. In factors of production there are commodities or services used to produce goods and services. And also explores how people and society try to use resources available , which have many different uses, in order to produce different goods and distribute among people. According to economist Lionel Robbins who defined economics as The science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. The primary factors facilitate production but neither become part of the product as raw materials. One of the factor of production is mainly called Land includes not only the site of production but natural resources above or below the soil. What is scarcity? Scarcity is a things that has some problems in economic having because of humans nature unlimited needs and wants. Humans were always wants more and more thats unlimited goals. This world has a limited resources which can be used. What will happened when all of the four factor of production is limited? Factor of productions is defined as the input that used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit and also production can be defined as the resources that required to generaton of goods and services. This resources are generally classifeid into four major groups which are land, labour, capital and enterprenuership. So what is land? One of the factor of production is mainly called land, includes not only the site of production but natural resources above or below the soil. Land is a natural resource that whose supply is generation by generation fixed. Land contains natural resources that a production of good and also a capital goods. Example of the natural resources in land is petroleum, coal, diamond, timber, gold and many more. If this land is became limited there are huge problem will this world faced, some of the problem is natural resources cannot be extracted or maybe become limited. Among this there a another factor of production is called capital, what is capital? Is that capital is important to our economy? Capital is a money. Capital played main role in this factor of production because the capital is helped we to buy the raw materials, machines, equipment, tools and many more. The next factor of production is labour. What is the meaning of labour? Labour is means the people is working for a wages. The size of a labour force can be determined by population of adult in a country. Labour consists of the both physical and mental abilities of the workers to work in a company or in a working place to get a wages. Lets say the labour has been limited, what will happened? They cannot produce goods and sevices, example like, if one companys labour is limited the production of product will stopped and will effect the company, because of this the economy will be effect. The last things in factor of production is entrepeurnership is a defined as a businessman, is a individual who uses all the resources effectively to run production. He should be risk taker and wiling to accept new challengers or wiling to accept lost or profits on their business. 1.2 WHAT IS SCARCITY? In other word for scarcity is means not enough resources. The main cause this scarcity is happened because of unlimited needs and wants of human. For an example just ask with the people out there would you like more luxury life most of them will answered Yes. People were looking foe more money for buy more goods and services. This problem not only carried by poor people its also to most wealthy people were include in this problem. In any time this world can be limited amount of goods and services such as for land when we compared Malaysia and Singapore, Malaysia has big land then Singapore, so the land is so limited to Singapore then Malaysia. In Singapore the singaporeans can built their own property like houses and more this is called scarcity. The example of capital became limited is to run one company he must have capital for the production if its limited there are dont have any company industry. Limitation of third factor of production is labour, for example if the labour became limited the are no one to work at companies, and the companies will not run any production. Lastly about enterprenuer, lets take that the enterprenuer is became limited what wiil happened, there are no new production of product, the procduction not run as planned and more. To outcome these factor of production problem, must tasks on the evidence of scarcity, the evidence of plenty and research why this problems were created. What is really the opportunity cost means? Opportunity cost is a cost of next best alternatives from all. CONCLUSION As a conclude, every country has it own resource, we must balanced the factor of production and if one of this factor of production land, capital, labour or enterprenuership is limited is must cause the growth of economic. If dont have land they cant built any company, if capital became limited we cant pay wages to labour, if labour became limited no workers in companies if enterprenuer no new product, so must balanced and protect our factor of production. QUESTION 2 Malaysia, a mixed economy attempts to combine the advantages of Free Enterprise System and the Central Command System. The price mechanism is allowed to operate but in some cases the price mechanism fails or works against public interest. Identify the ways by which the State can intervene to correct the defects. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Production, distribution, and consumption of good and service were a branches of economics in science. What is ecomomy system? Economy system is a planned organization and structure of production. Allocate of economic inputs, distribute of economic outputs and consumption of goods and services in an economy. Economy system are separated into three major economy thats named planned economy, mixed economy and lastly free market economy. There are three different types of organization economy plan that also very tight and some confortable and some of economy plan is very freedom. As I told the three economy system, this is first economy system called planned or command economy, this system is fully controlled by the goverment. There are no arguement or such things in that country because the country is very strict and on the mission and vision to achieve so when the country planned system the mission and vision will achieve more quickly. Free Market Economy is an system based on power of division of labour in which the prices of the goods and services are determined in a free prices system set by supply and demand and the decision taken by individual household and firms and with no goverment intervention. The price also as how much they produce. Mixed ecomony were controlled by partly goverment and partly through the market. 1.2 CONTENT In our Malaysia country is the mixed economic system. Mixed economy reflects the characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. In this mixed economy system there are all real world economies are mixture of the two system. In mixed economy goverment will intervention like some relative prises because the goods and inputs by taxing or subsiding them or by direct price controls. Most mixed economies also can be described as market economies with strong regulatory oversight, in addition to having a variety of government sponsored aspects. Government also must have the rights to control the price of products and services in our Malaysia country. Example of Malaysian government control item are like rice, oil, sugar, petrol, flour and more. SIRIM is a not goverment company but the goverment intervention because they have to know is th product is really good. Mixed economies as an economic ideal are supported by people of various political persuasions. Another example of Malaysian gover ment intervention in the market by pose tax on goods, for example goverment taxed on cigarretes, petrol, alcohol drinks and more. Conclusion As conclusion, Malaysian economic system is mixed economic system. Mixed economy reflects the characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. Malaysian government intervene in the economic in many ways such imposed tax og good, control the price of the product, make sure the price of the product is not high and many more.

Comparing the South Beach Diet and Food Pyramid Recommendations :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Comparing the South Beach Diet and Food Pyramid Recommendations   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, new ideas for diet and weight loss, such as the South Beach low carbohydrate diet, have been replacing the previously chosen ideas, particularly, the Food Pyramid. Both eating patterns recommend consuming larger quantities of some food groups than others, although which groups varies between the diets. The former emphasis on diet and exercise is also beginning to shift with the new diet choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In previous years to lose weight a person was told to eat â€Å"healthier†, lower caloric intake, and exercise more. Many of these advocates promoted the food pyramid. The food pyramid, completed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, recommends 6-11 servings from the â€Å"bread, cereal, rice, and pasta† group, 3-5 servings from the â€Å"vegetable† group, 2-4 servings from the â€Å"fruit† group, 2-3 servings from both the â€Å"milk, yogurt, and cheese† group and the â€Å"meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts group,† and â€Å"fats, oils, and sugars† are to be consumed â€Å"sparingly.† Serving sizes can be found on the label of most food products under the Nutrition Facts. Obviously, with the food pyramid, it is recommended that the group with the highest consumption per day should be from the bread, cereal, rice and pasta group, or the foods with the highest portion of carbohydrates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The South Beach diet does not recommend specific quantities of any one group. The diet consists of three phases. Phase one is the strictest phase with a very low intake of carbohydrates. Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta are completely excluded from the diet for two weeks. Instead, the initial two weeks consists mostly of eating meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, and nuts. Phase two begins by reintroducing â€Å"good† carbs back into the diet. Good carbs include fruits and sparing consumption of whole wheat/grain bread and cereal. Phase two lasts until a person reaches their goal weight. Phase three is a maintenance phase in which a person takes everything they have learned and makes it a lifestyle change. Arthur Agatston, the cardiologist credited with the South Beach diet says that if you crave something in phase three you

Realities Behind Deceiving Appearances Essay

According to Alfred Kazin, â€Å"In every great novel of society†¦ what counts is the reality behind the appearance† (Kazin, 1981, 297). In other words, he’s saying that the best books are those that include one or more realities behind appearances. The novel first I chose is called Perfect by Ellen Hopkins. This book has four main characters; Cara, Sean, Kendra, and Andre, who are all teens struggling to fit the ideal of perfection, even if it means hurting and lying to themselves and others. The other novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain tells a story of a runaway slave named Jim and a young boy Huck, running from the dangers of his father. Together they are trying to get to the North but run into many roadblocks. This adventure includes deceit, danger, excitement and most of all, friendship. Both of these novels show reality behind experiences through its actions, dialogs, and the characters themselves! In the following paragraphs, I will comp are and explain the reality behind appearances such as friends or family, disguises and secrets in both novels, Perfect and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Jim, a runaway slave from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn shows many realities behind deceiving appearances. An example of a deceiving appearance is when Huck and the duke paint Jim all blue and dressed him up in King Lear’s outfit before leaving to town. Huck doesn’t want to risk Jim being taken away and sold back into slavery so they disguise him as a â€Å"sick arab-but harmless when not out of his head† (Twain 157) so that he won’t have to uncomfortably lay tied up in the wigwam all day. The reality behind this disguise is that Jim is a kind and harmless runaway slave. After a tiring adventure, Jim talks to Huck about his family. When telling stories to Huck, he reveals a reality behind a deceiving appearance about his daughter Elizabeth. When Jim’s daughter was young, she got very sick. When she was better, Jim had told her to shut the door but she just stood there smiling at him. He repeated himself and again, she just smiled at him. Thinking that she was being naughty and a rebel, he smacked her across the head as a punishment. When he slams the door shut and she doesn’t budge, wince, or make any notice of it, Jim realizes â€Å"Oh, she was plumb deef en dumb, Huck, plumb deef en dumb† (Twain 156). The biggest and most important reality behind a deceiving appearance is that along this adventure, Jim was  freed from slavery. After all the trouble Tom put him through, Tom finally fesses that Jim was free because â€Å"Old Miss Watson died two months ago, and she was so ashamed she ever was going to sell him down the river, and said so; and she set him free in her will† (Twain 289). The duke and the king from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are very mischievous people. They are full with illusions, lies, and intelligence. The first reality behind appearance Huck saw is their names. On the day they first meet, both men claim they were a king and a duke in order to receive pity and to be spoiled by Jim and Huck. While Huck sees through this appearance, Jim does not. Later on in the story, the king cons the people of a religious camp in order to get some money. He pretends to be a pirate who changed his ways after he was robbed and now is working his way back to the ocean in order to change all pirates. He gives credit to the people of the town to earn their pity and succeeds. â€Å"‘Don’t you thank me, don’t you give me no credit; it all belongs to them dear people in Pokeville camp-meeting, natural brothers and benefactors of the race, and that dear preacher there, the truest friend a pirate ever had’† (Twain 132). The reality behind the king’s appearance is that it was all an act and that he is just a cheater. Even after this silly event, the king and the duke are still greedy for more. When they find out that a man who has a lot of money for a relative has died, they head towards the town. There, they pretended to be the uncle of three girls who are very sweet and innocent. Eventually, the actual heirs to the money show up and start to expose the duke and the king. They have a more authentic english accent and state that the handwritings when compared to an old letter aren’t the same. In my novel, Perfect by Ellen Hopkins, there are four main characters struggling to fit an ideal of perfection. One of the main characters is named Kendra. Kendra is a senior in high school and everything you would want to be. She’s popular, on the cheer team, rich, and most of all, skinny. Kendra’s obsession with perfection comes with dangerous consequences as she is willing to do anything to achieve it. The most deceiving illusion when it comes to Kendra is her appearance itself. Kendra has gone through many plastic surgeries to look as she is now. With a rhinoplasty already  scheduled, she is also hoping to get a boob job which her stepfather refuses to allow. Along with the plastic surgery, in order to lose weight, Kendra eats as little as possible. Kendra believes she is fat, being 5’ 10† and 122 pounds. Though everyone tells her she’s not, she states that the â€Å"stinking mirror doesn’t lie. Everytime I walk by, it shouts out, †˜Hey. Chub. When are you going to lose those fifteen pounds of ugly-ass flab? Do you want to stay size four forever?’† (Hopkins, 23). The reality behind Kendra’s illusion is that she’s already beautiful and dangerously skinny. With every calorie she doesn’t eat, she inches closer and closer to death. One of the reasons why she believes that she’s not beautiful is because her boyfriend Conner left her. She believed he left her because she wasn’t good and pretty enough. The thought of this tortures her because Conner was her first love, the first person whom she gave her heart and soul to. She later finds out that Conner is in the hospital because of an accident. The reality is that Conner didn’t get into an accident, he tried killing himself and he didn’t leave her because he thought she was ugly. He left her because he had fallen in love with someone else. When Kendra leaves her beauty agent for Xavier, she begins to work with a man named Gilles. Xavier tells Kendra that Gilles is one of the â€Å"biggies† and that she needs keep him happy. â€Å"I have to keep Gilles happy. He likes the way I look. Especially naked† (Hopkins 496). Gilles and Xavier claim that they love her but in all honesty, they are taking advantage of her. If they rea lly did love her as she is, they wouldn’t abuse her body with pills, sex and surgeries. The appearance of Gilles loving her for her style and determination masks the reality that in order to do business, she must trade it with her service to him. Another character who has a deceiving appearance in the novel Perfect is a girl named Cara. Cara, like Kendra is also on the cheer team, beautiful, rich, has good grades and a wonderful sexy boyfriend but is she really all the things people make her out to be? Cara has a secret, one that could ruin her reputation; She’s a lesbian. Her boyfriend Sean is just an appearance. An appearance to make her seem straight when in reality, she’s a lesbian. When Sean finds out about her secret after they break up, he exposes her by taking a photo of Cara and her lover making love and sharing it to all of her â€Å"friends†. After this incident, all of Cara’s friends leave her and  began calling her cruel names such as slut and dyke. â€Å"I can’t believe Cara broke up with Sean. Neither can half the senior class†¦ They’re chopping her into little pieces: †¦is a slut anyway, †¦always was full of it, †¦serious commitment issues† (Hopkins 306). The comfort and companionship of her friends was all an appearance in which the reality was just to use Cara for their own benefit. Because of this incident, Cara finally decides to tell her parents. â€Å"‘Dani said I should press charges†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mom’s eyes grew steadily more severe. ‘I think it’s best to let it drop. If this becomes public knowledge, the media will smear it all over the headlines. Our reputation will be ruined. Bad enough we had to deal with all the flak about Conner.’ She straightened her blouse, as if it had been wrinkled by the very idea of her children disgracing her name† (Hopkins 535). The definition of parents is a mother and a father and that’s exactly what Cara’s parents are. A mother and father, nothing more. Though they do provide Cara with materialistic needs, it is all for her mother’s reputation. Her heartless parents with their high expectations are so extreme that it causes her twin brother Conner to kill himself. The idea of loving and supportive parents is just an appearance that the Sykes family create when the cold truth is that they don’t hold any familial bonds with each other. In the preceding paragraphs, I have compared and explained the realities behind appearances in both novels, Perfect and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. As Alfred Kazin was saying, realities behind deceiving appearances make a book more interesting to read. It also makes the readers realize that there are many illusions in our daily lives. Through the characters, we can perhaps learn a lesson on how to act, spot, and deal with these realities behind appearances.