Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

In the book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass chronicles his slave life during the mid 1800s. By informing his readership of the realities and cruelties of slavery, Douglass’ seeks to persuade Northerners to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by delivering his message throughout the entirety of the book — slavery is harmful to all participants – with the effective utilization of ethos, logos, and pathos. The trio works to support his thesis, and this support therefore aids Douglass’ overall purpose. Although each of the argumentative devices is effective, the most powerful component is pathos, which is a quality that evokes pity or sadness. Unlike ethos or logos, pathos speaks directly to the readers, in this case the North, and profoundly influences their emotions and thoughts on the issue of slavery. Therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in Douglass’ narrative because it accomplishes the author’s purpose by sufficiently delivering his message, through the manipulation of emotions to Northern readers. Ethos is without a doubt an apparent strategy throughout Douglass’ narrative; in fact, the entire book is ethos. Douglass’ life was, at the time, living proof of the cruelties of slavery. He takes advantage of this fact in his narrative and describes almost every detail, being sure to leave out names whom he did not intend to offend or embarrass, and brings to reality the treatment of slaves in the 1800s. In addition, Douglass incorporates references to the Bible, often relating slaves’ lives to peoples’ lives in Biblical times. For example, â€Å"My friend Nathan Johnson (of whom I can say with a grateful heart, ‘I was hungry, and he gave me meat; I was thirsty, and he gave me drink; I was a stranger, and he took me in’).† This is a reference to Matthew 25:35, which discusses the importance of caring for others, even strangers. Douglass includes this passage to compare Nathan Johnson to a humble, selfless man that would care for anyone. Furthermore, the reference supports Douglass’ credibility as an educated man of God and a reliable non-fiction author. Just because he was once a slave, ignorant of freedom and all its blessings, including education, it did not stop him from brilliantly writing his narrative through which he sufficiently proves his credibility by means of correct grammar, references to the Bible and other highly respected pieces of literature, and the simple fact that he was once a slave and therefore contains the most reliable information. However, ethos is not the most effective strategy on his readers; it does not support his purpose or meaning as much as pathos does. Logos is also a strategy used throughout the entirety of the book, simply because it is a narrative of Douglass’ life, therefore it must be composed of non-fiction occurrences. He includes as much detail as he can, but he leaves out particular names and happenings in order to prevent embarrassment of the individual or even potential consequences. Despite his restrictions, Douglass still includes amazing thoroughness and accuracy. For example, â€Å"I left Master Thomas’s house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833.† He uses three specific details in one tiny sentence, which just shows the reader his incredible memory and accuracy. Although his precision within the book is rather impressive to the Northern readers, the simple facts do not supply them with Douglass’ deeper meaning, that slavery is harmful to all participants. Rather, logos gives the readers the direct happenings of his slave life, but it does not reach out to the Northerners’ emotions, humans’ weakness and main influence to take action, to the extent pathos does. Pathos is a strategy in argument that aims to draw pity or sadness from the audience or reader, and it is often the most persuasive tool to accomplish a purpose. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass uses a generous amount of pathos in order to persuade his Northern readers to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by including sad incidences he saw or experienced himself. For example, Douglass tells the story of his Aunt Hester being punished with a whipping, â€Å"He commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and soon the warm, red blood†¦came dripping to the floor. I was so terrified†¦that I hid myself in a closet.† This description of the first time he saw someone whipped is drawn out in detail purposefully; Douglass wants the reader to engage in the narrative and let his/her emotions drive them toward pity for slaves and hatred of slavery. He includes many other descriptions like this, but they all have the same purpose. Emotion drives many peoples’ actions, and Douglass wants to persuade his Northern audience to become active in the abolitionist movement by letting their emotion take over. Pathos also brings out the meaning of the essay; by explaining cruel experiences, Douglass includes proof of his meaning, that slavery is harmful to both the slave and the slaveholder. Northerners are persuaded by this meaning and affected by the traumatic incidences in the book, and are driven to involve themselves in the move to abolish slavery. Pathos is therefore the most effective strategy that encourages Northern readers to follow through with Douglass’ purpose. Douglass utilizes ethos, logos, and pathos in a brilliant way, but it is acceptable to claim that pathos had the largest effect on the readers of the North in the 1800s. While ethos and logos give the author credibility and information to discuss, pathos affects the reader directly. It becomes tiresome to hear of straightforward facts, like moving from master to master or plantation to plantation. The readers want to hear of excitement, so when Douglass talks about sad topics, it involves the reader, as well as affects their opinion of slavery. By taking advantage of pathos and the readers’ impressionable emotions, Douglass conveys his message and fulfills his purpose, and therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in his book. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick, and Houston A. Baker. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1982. Print.

Navy seals

After striving to indicate a person who has had a significant influence on me I have come to a conclusion, that rather than a individual person I have a particular group. This particular group is unlike any other in the I the world. This group consists of elite men who put their homeland before themselves, they are capable of putting the needs of others before their own. These men were willing to do everything and anything to become part of the elite group known around the world as the Navvy Seals.Navvy seals are groups of elite soldiers, known around the world for their abilities in he air on the land and in the sea. These soldiers lead the world in their special oops. They are unlike another soldiers in the world, willing to risk their lives for anyone in need around the world. Ready to assist and cry for help. I see the Navvy Seals the way most people my age see pro sports players. Like pro sports players the SEALS are the best of the best. Their training and tactical work is so v igorous that their number one philosophy is â€Å"the easy day was yesterday†. Which is one of many in the Navvy.To be given the opportunity to serve my country a a Navvy Seal would mean the world to me. I would spend every breathing moment being the best I can be for my country family and myself. All my life I have wanted to be affiliated in the military. Four to five years ago I had very low self confidence in myself and others and not very great aspirations. My plan was to enroll in the marines after high school and attain my college education from the military. My primary aspiration for my life was to exceed the achievements of my mother, who didn't graduate high school.I wanted to be able to say if I could do it why couldn't you? My mind and heart were consumed by the dreadful thought of my rothers and how they would never have the opportunities that I have been blessed with. It wasn't until I had opened up to my uncle Derek who is a marine that I had a change of heart a bout virtually everything past and present. My uncle was in absolute disagreement with my plan. He explained the importance of college to my and the pride that comes with the privilege of becoming a marine that will extinguish my desire to exceed the accomplishments of my moms.Together we looked through the different military academies and I found Annapolis the most interesting because their classes in economics. I have a strange liking towards economics, like the stock market and the economy. Those thing Just really seem to interest me to I hope to major in economics and international trade while attending Annapolis. My interest in international trade comes from my desire to travel, which is another one of the many reasons I aspire to be a Navvy Seal. Ever since I was little I've wanted to see the world, and what it has to offer.There is absolutely no better way at accomplishing that dream other than attending Annapolis become a Navvy Seal, and sounds to go to be true, but I know i n my heart that in order to accomplish that goal I ave to be mentally and physically tough enough to get there. Speaking about becoming physically and mentally tough I have already begun those first small steps. It started off with small attitude adjustments such as my love for athletics, instead of dreading the next workout I changed the dreading into excitement that put me in the mindset to get better rather than Just get through the workout.Eventually I got to a point where my moms actions didn't influence my mind as much. In fact I changed my entire perspective on my mom, although, she isn't perfect she chose her path and being angry about that isn't helping me or her in nyway. So instead of being angry I chose put all the extra time I spent being angry and wishing things could be different to actually make a difference in my life not Just for me but for her my brothers and anyone else that thinks they can't do it.I feel like a much better person, free from the invisible chains that ranted excuse after excuse of why I couldn't or didn't get the Job done. I find happiness and hope to be the greatest things in life and I know whole heartedly that the SEALS brought those thing to me. Nothing makes me happier than getting a good grade on an ssignment and knowing I've gotten Just a tad bit closer to my dream. I can sometimes get lost in my thoughts of the the future, to the point where I feel as if I'm reading a good book with precise imagery.Imagining myself 10 years from now along side the best special pops team in the world, seeing the world and serving my country. Another exciting thing about the SEALS is their brotherhood. The fact that they would risk their lives for one another is breath taking. They would rather all sacrifice their lives saving one of their own than leaving them behind. Their goal number one oal in operations it to complete the given task unnoticed, quietly, quickly, and most importantly together.Like family these men will do anything f or each other and will go to the ends of the earth to protect their own. The final thing I will mention is the SEALS ability to be wherever they are needed whenever they are needed. No matter the circumstance they are always willing to put their lives on the line for whomever is in need. Which is also like something I've always done. I may not meet the needs or standards of everyone but I will always go out of my way to help someone in need.Not only because I know it is the right thing to do but because I remember when I didn't have much and someone would go out of their way to help me. I will never forget those people which makes it necessary for me to do the same for others. All that being said I don't believe that I am perfect by a long shot, there are thousands, heck millions that have it ten times worse than me and have beat the odds. But one thing is for sure once given the chance I will do everything I'm my power to be the best I can be for myself and my country,

Intramuscular Injection Essay

The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect on is the administration of Intramuscular (IM) injections. I will use a reflective model to guide me in my reflection. The Gibbs reflection cycle features, description, feelings, evaluation, description, conclusion and an action plan (Gibbs 1988). The first stage of Gibbs (1988) is description of events. On my clinical placement I had the opportunity to administer a drug to a patient via IM injection under the supervision of my mentor. I had already observed this skill on various occasions and previously had the opportunity to administer IM injections in previous placements. My mentor was talking me through the process as this was the first time I have performed the skill with her supervision. When the mentor got to the step of using an alcohol wipe to cleanse the area of the injection site the patient said he did not usually get that done. He continued to say that an alcohol wipe had been used once before and had caused him an unpleasant stinging sensation and he would rather it was not used. The previous times I had administered IM injections, I had cleansed the site with alcohol wipe, and therefore I asked my mentor for some guidance in this situation. My mentor confirmed that it was acceptable to administer the injection without using the alcohol wipe and I continued with the injection. Feelings are the next stage of Gibbs (1988) cycle. My thoughts and feelings about this situation was that I felt a little nervous as I was under the supervision of my mentor for the first time doing this skill. However as I had already had the opportunity to administer IM injections before, I felt I was competent to carry out that skill. When the patient had said he did not usually have the alcohol wipe used, I began to doubt my practice. I knew I had previously used this in my practice, but began to question myself if it was correct. As the patient continued to say he had previously had an unpleasant stinging sensation when the alcohol wipe had been used I began to think that the person who had administered that injection did not allow skin to dry properly before administering the injection. If the skin is not dry the cleaning is ineffective and the antiseptic may cause the irritation by being injected into the tissue (Downie et al. 2000). The patient requested that the alcohol wipe not be used on this occasion and this left me feeling confused. I knew he has the right to patient autonomy and without his consent I could not carry out this procedure. As a nurse you are accountable for gaining consent and maintaining the patients right to be autonomous . Hawley (2007) states that autonomy means a persons right to make their own decisions in life, as long as they do not harm anyone else. I was unsure of the risks of not using the alcohol wipe and had to seek guidance from my mentor. Evaluating this situation made me realise that questioning your own practice is a good way of keeping up to date with evidenced based practice. The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures (Dougherty & Lister 2004) advocate the use of skin cleansing wipes, it is however stated within their guidelines that they adopt this for patients who are immunosuppressed, and also give evidence of previous studies which indicate that skin cleansing is not normally necessary. Research by Workman (1999) suggests that the use of skin cleansing wipes is inconsistent and not necessary in IM injections if the patient appears to be physically clean and the nurse has adopted an aseptic technique as well as stringent hand hygiene. The fourth stage of Gibbs cycle (1988) has made me become more aware of different practices concerning the use of alcohol wipes in skin cleansing. I understand that both practices have been researched, and as I develop professionally I will not cleanse the skin in future unless the local policy states to do so or the patient requests me to. The evidence in this area is not clear therefore I will use any literature which is available to allow me to justify my actions, and deliver safe evidence based care. In conclusion, I have learned that not all nurses use evidence in the same way and may use different methods. I understand that as long as my practice is safe and evidence based then I can practice safely. My action plan would be to continue to keep updated with any new research and evidence of using alcohol wipes in the administration of IM injections. This will help me to keep my practice safe and up to date.

Races Link between Complexion, Language Proficiency Essay

Races Link between Complexion, Language Proficiency - Essay Example In its most common form, race, as a concept, is described by referring to the biological characteristics of a specific social group: for example, reference can be made to ‘skin color, eye shape or hair texture’ (Kubota and Lin 2008, p.2). However, the dependency of race on the above criteria is not quite strong. In fact, through scientific research similarities have been identified among people in regard to their biological characteristics; these similarities are often at high level leading certain scientists to support the view that ‘races do not exist’ (Kubota and Lin 2008, p.2). Still, it seems that genes of populations are not identical. This fact has led to the assumption that the concept of race could be explained more effectively by referring to the ‘genetic characteristics of populations’ (Kubota and Lin 2008, p.2). Moreover, other approaches for explaining the uniqueness of race cannot be rejected; reference can be made, for example, to the cultural and social traditions of populations or to the explanations developed by different groups of populations in regard to critical social problems (Kubota and Lin 2008). Language has been also found to be an important criterion for justifying the categorization of people in races (Cole and Graham 2012). In addition, race is commonly used for describing the genetic characteristics of large group of populations, such as nations (Daniels 2013); in this context, race can be considered as related to other concepts, such as nationality (Daniels 2013). In other words, race is a concept that can be interpreted using different criteria. In this way, the specific concept could lead to severe social conflicts, a view promoted mostly in the context of the neo-Marxism (Kubota and Lin 2008). For avoiding such risk the use of other, similar, concepts, such as racialization and racism is suggested especially when having to develop

Salon Business Management (Beauty Therapy) Examine and assess the Essay

Salon Business Management (Beauty Therapy) Examine and assess the properties, uses, benefits and potential results of using preservatives in the modern salon environment - Essay Example More importantly, the use of preservatives within the salon environment is meant to protect customers from potential negative reactions of cosmetic products on their skin or hair. Depending on the properties of cosmetic preservatives, they may irritate the skin, cause allergic reactions or carcinogenic effects. This means that effective salon business management practices should be focused at ensuring that the preservatives used in the salon are safe to the consumers (Draelos, 2005, p. 58). This paper presents an analytical discussion of various preservative products that are used within the salon environment with a view of illustrating their properties and uses in skin and hair care. The paper also describes the benefits of these preservatives in salon services and the implications of using them within the contemporary salon environment. Antioxidants are common preservatives for cosmetic products, which are commonly used in contemporary salon environments for their effective protective properties. Antioxidants act by inhibiting the oxidation of microorganisms and other molecules (Gray & Gummer, 2000, p. 124). The antioxidant properties of these preservatives make them suitable for protecting hair and skin care products from contamination with microbes. However, the level of protection that is achieved by antioxidants is relatively minimal, when compared to other preservatives. The antioxidant preservatives are commonly used within modern salons, with a goal of preventing rancidity in skin and hair care oils. The contamination of all oil based hair and skin care formulations is prevented when antioxidants are used as preservatives (Antczak & Antczak, 2001, p. 98). Pynogenol is an example of antioxidant that is used within salon environments. This antioxidant is used to strengthen collagen in hair and skin and blood v essels. This preservative is therefore used as an anti-aging agent (Michalun & Michalun, 1994). The use of antioxidants within modern

To study the feasibility and profitability of establishing an Essay

To study the feasibility and profitability of establishing an international school in Mainland China - Essay Example Reed (l988) in her study of Education in the People's Republic of China and U.S underscored the importance of having international schools in China to cater for educational requirements of children of expatriate parents working in the country. Similarly, Fuldien (as cited in Hammond, 2007) demonstrated how the presence of English Schools Foundation (ESF) in Hong Kong has contributed to the education sector by providing high quality and cost-effective education through the use of English as the medium of instruction. This chapter presents review of the literature of studies done on the feasibility and profitability of establishing an international school in the emerging cities in Mainland China. The chapter is divided into various headings for easier presentation of the literature review. The Chinese education system is lauded as one having the longest history in the world. Available documented evidence indicates that the Chinese practice of education developed from the imperial civil examination system introduced in the early 7th century (as cited in Feagles, 1999). This type of examination system was devised exclusively as a mechanism for choosing and enlisting aspirants for the official system of government of the time and was found to identify only worthiness, competition and valor. Paver and Wang (1992) explain that this instrument was considered a powerful tool built upon social ambitions rather than individual concerns and therefore made examinations the only gauge for future success and achievement. This system has been found to strongly influence the education systems of Chinese communities to date, while still emphasizing the educational values highly esteemed by both parents and students (Paver and Wang, 1992). Reed (l988) in her study reported that the Chinese education system is found to be a mixture of two cultures namely the Chinese culture and the British culture. She maintains that the British culture is responsible for the establishment of elite schools. These elite schools are accordingly sponsored and managed by the major religious bodies such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, the Church of Christ in China and the Methodist Church (all cited in Reed, l988). Moreover, the regal social examination system laid down in the 7th century has inculcated certain values in the Chinese people which are seen to strongly influence the nature almost all the local schools and the elite schools in Hong Kong. Available studies further argue that this culture inculcated by the system have been responsible to produce all round students and graduates in the world (Kennedy, l977). The consequence of this argument is demonstrated in global comparisons of student achievements. Aanenson ( 1979) illustrates that Chinese students mainly from Hong Kong are always positioned amongst the top. Apart from fostering the spirit of hard-work and competitiveness, the Chinese tradition also underscores the importance of moral education which very much differs from the concept of morality as perceived in the Western countries (Reed, l988). The concept of moral education as recognized by the Chinese puts into account virtually all characteristics of education including but not exhaustively ethics,

Foreign Terrorist Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foreign Terrorist Organizations - Essay Example In 1989, Indian Army broke out the war against the freedom fighters of Kashmir and made propaganda against those fighters and called them as militants and terrorists. However, they were not the terrorists but they were put into these militant activities by the Indian Army. After 9/11, when America officially started its war against terrorism, it banned all those freedom fighters across the world and denoted them as FTO. Lashkar–e–Tayyiba was also banned and its main leaders got arrested. Later on, there was a reunion took place and the organization redeveloped with a new name of Jamat-ud-Dawah. The organization is quite famous in the territory of Kashmir as it had worked tremendously well in the times of 2005 earthquake in which around 73,000 people lost and their lives (DAWN.COM, 2010). A year ago, Supreme Court of Pakistan also released the leaders of Jamat-ud-Dawah from the allegations of terrorism and militancy activities as no allegation against those leaders was proved. On a concluding note, America should reconsider each of the FTO and assess whether that group’s activities are based on independence based movements or they are purely formulated to spread terror across the

NJ Landfill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NJ Landfill - Essay Example The early operators were Anthony Amadei Sand and Gravel Company, which remained in power to operate until 1976, when Gloucester Environmental Management Services, Inc. took over until its closure in 1980. The area of landfill was started off with a very small area; in 1963 it occupied simply 11.4 acres of the land; in only two years' time it was spread over 16 acres. In 1970 and finally in 1974 it covered 39.5 acres and 61.7 acres respectively. It was discovered by Solid Waste Administration (SWA) that during this later period of it's functioning that many chemicals were dumped. The report also indicated deficiencies in sanitary landfill operating procedures, improperly covered area and lack of control in preventing windblown paper. It all affected the Holly Run. Another survey conducted by SWA in the year 1977 showed that GEMS landfill did not meet the approved design specifications. The dispute broke between the two parties and later administrative order to end the operations was passed on September 1, 1977; it remained operative until November 1980. The coastal plain where the landfill is located is underlain by Pleistocene, tertiary and cretaceous age sediments. The geological formations include: the Bridgeton formation, the Cohansey formation, the Kirkwood formation, the Manasquan, the Naveskine, the Mount Laurel and Wenonah formation. Sources of contamination Organic solvents and several other industrial wastes and output have contaminated the surrounding area, ground water, surface water and air. Arsenic, barium and lead are the major elements found and pesticides include DDE, DDD, and DDT. It is shameful to see that these water sources were the drinking wells for the neighborhood (NUS Corporation, 1986). Potentially responsible parties The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in its efforts to take remedial action against the GEMS landfill, identified parties (companies) that were responsible for the degradation and exploitation of the landfill which led to hazards for the community and the landfill itself. The names of the parties are as under: Gloucester Environmental Management Services, Inc. Owens/Cornings Fiberglas, Inc. E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company Rohm and Haas Company City of Philadelphia, Gloucester township Richard Winn David Ehrlich Anthony Amadei Geppert Brothers, Inc. and Curtis T. Bedwell and Sons, Inc. EPA invited these individual parties to volunteer their efforts in evaluation, design, clean up and redevelopment of the landfill area, in September of

Modern culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modern culture - Essay Example Sennet (1999, p. 146) describes the flexible capitalism as more personal rather than general. The modern economy has resulted into a new form of capitalism in which the business organization only cares about the strategic direction to take. Sennet (1999, p.145-146) describes such organizations as having powers to let go. The new capitalism is a sociological danger to the employees of the different companies of the world. It has not only made modern work illegible and modern employees ‘precarious workers’ but also resulted into flexibility that has destroyed the societal foundations of the different communities of the world. The modern economy therefore has everything to do with the troubles and difficulties faced by the different employees in the different work places today. The American workers have to therefore match the computers in terms of efficiency, speed, accuracy and even productivity or else they will all be laid off in future. Sennett (1999, p. 74-75) argues that the introduction of computers and computer integrated systems in the different machines has highly simplified and reduced the tasks of the employees. The workers no longer toil to get things done; everything gets done by just ‘a press of a button’ (Broekens, 2009, p. 94-103). As much as it is an advantage to the employees, it is a great problem. Employees have found a way of evading the hard tasks (Sennett, 1999, p. 72). They eventually end up staying for quite a long time without performing certain tasks and slowly by slowly their skills deplete. What happens when the machines break down or experience malfunctions? Sennett (1999, 72-73) articulates a similar scenario when the dough-kneading machine broke down in the bakery firm. The production activities came to a stand-still since the workers hundred percent depended on the machine make dough. The workers never even possessed the simple engineering skills of repairing the machine ( Sennett, 1999, p. 73). Redundancy and

Voip Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voip - Research Proposal Example It is used for call initiation, call teardown and other call related data sent during a VoIP conversation. SIP is a text based application level protocol. It depends majorly on other protocols such as IP and UDP for transport. VoIP implementations with SIP mostly use a SIP proxy server to which the login credentials of users are authenticated. The proxy server also routes call and signaling data. Clients can establish a communication link between each and forward SIP messages via the proxy. Communications using SIP are also used for changing call parameters or other features such as integrating more callers into a conference session. SIP registrars are used as additional servers to locate other users. VoIP technology is likely to be misused by criminals as it often does not require verification of any details to start using the service. The security of making such calls may also attract criminals, as many implementations use strong encryption to secure both the voice payload and control messages. Skype uses 256 bit AES encryption while Google Talk does not encrypt its payload (but will support encryption in the future). As an example, an organized crime ring may decide to use Skype software that allows ring members to communicate anonymously. Criminals could use laptops running Skype, create profiles like a regular user and communicate when necessary.

ILSC 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ILSC 2 - Essay Example Involving and engaging employees in the decision-making process or working together with employees, as a team is another way of motivating employees.Many employees become contended with their work and also become active in the company when they are engaged in the decision-making process or work together as a team. Team building is crucial because it enables employees to improve their performance level because of accomplishing their task faster and effectively (Mayhem 2013, pr.6).For instance, Sony Company is one of the well-known corporations that have increased their revenues because of increased innovative products. This is because the company has a unique way of motivating their employees through involving and engaging them in the decision-making process, as well as, treating everyone equal (Smith 2013, pp. 16).James (2008, p. 433)offers some effective leadership strategies such as motivation and teamwork as valuable means for achieving competitive advantage in the company. Many l eaders have made significant efforts of incorporating varied leadership strategies in order to meet the organizational needs. Northouse (2010, p. 24) also argues that managers need to examine their own traits since this will enable them to recognize their weakness or strengths vital for understanding the way followers perceive them in the work environment. This is crucial because it can enable leaders to engage or create the good relationship with their employees; thus improving the industrial relations.

The Main Events in the Life of Prophet Muhammed Essay Example for Free

The Main Events in the Life of Prophet Muhammed Essay Outlining the Main Events in the Life of Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) and Assessing his Importance and Influence. Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) was born around 570. He was born in Mekkah in Arabia into the Quraishi tribe. He was born on the 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal to his mother Amina. His father Abdullah died in Yathrib before the Prophet (pbuh) was born. When Muhammed was six years old, his mother Amina fell ill and died. Muhammed (pbuh) was looked after by his grandfather Abd-ul-Muttalib for two years but when Muhammed was eight, Abd-ul-Muttalib also died. Abu Talib, Muhammed (pbuh)s uncle took care of him. Abu Talib was a wealthy. Powerful businessman. He took Muhammed (pbuh) on many of his business trips. One such trip was a journey to Syria when Muhammed (pbuh) was twelve years old. On this trip to Syria, Abu Talibs caravan passed the home of a Christian monk called Bahirah. Bahirah noticed that Muhammed (pbuh) had some features that matched the ones mentioned in the holy book Bahirah followed describing a prophet to come after Isa (Jesus). As Muhammed grew up, his honest character shone through the evils of Makkan society and he was given the title Al-Amin which means the trustworthy. Whilst working alongside his uncle as a businessman, Muhammed met Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid, a wealthy lady of noble birth with a well-known noble character. Khadijah asked Muhammed to marry her and he accepted. Muhammed was twenty-five at the time and Khadijah was forty years old. They were married for about twenty-five years before Khadijah died. In Ranadhan the year Muhammed was forty years old (about 610), Muhammed sat alone in Cave Hira in Mount Bur. An angel appeared and asked him to read. Like most Arabs of the time, Muhammed (pbuh) could not write, nor could he read, so he told the angel that he could not read. The angel squeezed him and asked him to read again, and again he told the angel that he could not read. This happened three times before the angel told him to Read in the name of your Lord and revealed to him the first verses of the Quran. That night was one of the last five odd nights in the month of Ramadhan, there is great blessing in this night, and it is called Lailatul Qadr, the night of power. After the incident in the cave, Muhammed returned home to Khadijah. He told her what happened. Knowing what a kind, loving man he was, Khadijah believed the revelation had been from one God, Allah. Khadijah became the first person to accept Islamic monotheism and become a Muslim. Before accepting Islam, Khadijah talked to her cousin, a Chritian named Waraqah. Waraqah told Muhammed that he was a messenger confirming what Bahirah had said. Muhammed (pbuh) preached to others who knew him well. Those who he spoke to accepted Islam, Ali, his cousin, Zaid, and Abu Bakr, his best friend were among them. In the first few years around fifty people from among his friends and family converted to Islam. In 615, the Muslims in Makkah were being persecuted so much that Muhammed (pbuh) advised them to leave Mekkah and migrate to Abyssinia where a Christian king called Negus ruled. In 619 the Makkans felt threatened by the growing number of Muslims. The Makkans boycotted them on a massive scale. No one was allowed to sell to Muslims, buy from Muslims or help them at all. During the boycott, Prophet Muhammed (pbuh)s uncle Abu Talib died so did his wife Khadijah. He lost the two people who supported him most. Though Abu Talib had dies, the protection Muhammed had from him was not lost. It was around this time that Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) experienced the Night Journey, Isra wal Miraj. In one night, he travelled from the Holy Mosque in Makkah to the Further Mosque in Jerusalem. He made this journey on a winged horse called Buraq. Buraq took him to the heavens where he spoke to Allah and brought down the commandment to pray. The message of Islam had spread 480km Makkah. A serious plot to assassinate Muhammed (pbuh) was put into action. The prophet and the Muslims in Makkah migrated to Yathrib (Madinah). On the 16th July 622 the Muslims left Makkah and went to Madinah on foot. The Madinans had visited Makkah and converted to Islam, they invited the prophet (pbuh) to be their leader. The emigration was called the Hijraj. The Muslim calendar starts from the Hijrah (AH). In Madinah the prophet ruled from a simple house. Now with Madinah as the first Islamic State the prophet taught the systems of Islam. The Makkans hated the Muslims even more now that they had Madinah as their state. Two important battles were fought. In 624 the Muslims fought at the Battle of Badr, 300 Muslims with 900 Makkans. The Muslims won despite the numbers. They also fought the Battle of Uhud that they lost. In 627 the Makkans attacked Madinah but the Muslims had dug a trench that protected the city. The Hudaybia agreement was drawn up, which allowed the Muslims to visit Makkah on pilgrimage. In 632, Muhammed delivered his farewell speech on mount Arafat after the Muslims conquered Makkah peacefully. The Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) died at the age of sixty-three. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was important in the Makkan society he lived in before he became a prophet. He was a fairly wealthy businessman. The family and tribe that he was born into were very powerful in Makkah. He himself was the grandson of Abd-al-Muttalib, one of the most powerful leaders of the Quraish tribe. For many years of his life, he was in the care of his uncle Abu Talib, an extremely wealthy businessman. Another of his uncles was Hamza, a great warrior. Many people were surprised when he did not harm the prophet but accepted Islam. As a businessman, prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was respected because everyone around him was corrupt, they cheated and lied in their trade whereas he remained honest and truthful. People trusted him so much that they gave him the title Al-Amin which means the trustworthy. He received his prophet hood around 610 CE. He was the last person to receive prophet hood or any kind of divine revelation. There will be no more prophets and no more revelation. He is important in Islam because prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is the Seal of the prophets. He was a messenger to mankind to call the people to Allahs way of life. He was and still is so important that announcing your belief in him is part of the Muslim declaration of faith (the Shahada). He is part of a Muslims belief. If you do not believe that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah then you are not a Muslim. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is also very important in Islam, as he was the last person to receive divine revelation. He was given the Quran by Allah through Angel Jibreel. Every word he received was carefully written down and preserved because it was so important that even if a few words were incorrect, it would ruin the beauty of the Quran given to prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is one of the worlds most influential men of all time. While he was alive, he managed to change the polytheist Arabian society to one of monotheistic beliefs and values. He was able to change masses with his words. Many of the things he said, did, and consented to have been recorded in Hadith narrated by people in his world. People close to his like his wives and his companions and people he met once or twice. Both kinds of people in his life valued his word so much so that they would record it, keep it and pass it on to others. Hadith are still very influential even today. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)s words are so important and influential that Muslims make important decisions in their lives today based on them. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was able to change people beliefs through his image set before he became a prophet. He was an honest, trustworthy man and people believed what he was saying to be the truth because they believed that Muhammad son of Abdullah wouldnt lie and they took him to be Muhammad, messenger of Allah. Today, people all over the world, speaking many different languages still respect prophet Muhammad (pbuh), because of his importance and influence when they say Peace be upon Him (pbuh) after mentioning his name. To conclude, prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was an extremely important and influential figure not just of his time. He also remains a prominent figure in history for being one of the world most influential people. He convinced masses in days and still holds a place in the hearts of millions one thousand four hundred and twenty-two years later.

The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing

The advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing Nowadays most companies tend to let third party companies to handle the operation of their services. This initiative is considered to be a risky action, because it is primary made for deducting the costs as well as the particularization these companies has to offer. Besides of the advantages that many companies have faced during outsourcing there are some disadvantages also. Below I will describe further advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing in organizations such as Tesco. Advantages of outsourcing Reducing Costs As I mentioned before reducing the costs is the main aspect that companies choose to use outsourcing. These costs are usually referring to employee fees, office space expenses as well as some other costs such as outsourced workforce as it is proved to be way cheaper than workforce coming from developed countries. Time Utilization A widely known benefit that outsourcing has to offer, is the high speeding time that outsourced work is done. A great example of time utilization in a company would be the employee hiring procedure for the creation of a new team. Using outsourcing this time can be reduced to a maximal level. Skills Acquisition Another capability that outsourcing has to offer in a company is the adeptness that employees does not have. A characteristic example in a company such as Tesco is when the personnel needs have to deal with a new technology in order to perform best in their divisions. This way type of outsourcing helps the company to accomplish the pre mentioned benefits which are reducing both time and cost. Operational Efficiency Due to the fact that workforce is handled by outsourcing, individuals inside a company can have the opportunity concentrate more on their initial charges and perform better in their departments. This is an important reason for a company to use outsourcing as it allows the employees to emphasize on their proficiency but mostly on core business. Customers Satisfaction It has significant use when a company has a contract with a seller and so it is bound to offer a high service level as well as quality. That is why, when a company has an outsourced IT function and one of the employees calls in sick, they are obligated to find a surrogate that can accomplish the job and satisfy the customer. Disadvantages of outsourcing Quality Risk Using outsourcing has drawbacks sometimes which can compromise the name and the reputation of a company. For example if a customer has a purchase and later on discovers that part of the product he paid for is damaged, then the company has the obligation to substitute that part by contacting their outsource supplier but the company will always carry the burden of a damaged product. Constant Management It is widely known that most companies nowadays, fail to outsource their projects due to the fact that they dont have a proper management system. To elaborate, every company needs to possess a high intelligence manager, which will exclusively deal with the management of the outsourced projects. In such a big company as Tesco is, this person should fully qualified to determine the outsourced workforce demands, and ensure that all the providers are constantly updated to meet these demands. Frustrating Conditions These conditions are usually referring to employees knowledge. When we are dealing with big companies such as Tesco sometimes problems like language barriers occur. For example when a customer call center is outsourced to a different language company, there may be some annoyed customers that will deal with unhandy communication condition. Another strong frustration is the lack of organization knowledge, where outsourced employees are not surrounded by the same passion or obligation for an organization, making them usually look fool and unknowledgeable in the eyes of a customer. On the other hand, there are some frustrations detected from the companys own personnel to the outsourced providers. This happens when the knowledge of the personnel is not in high levels, leading them to accuse for the bad service the outsourced supplier. Security It important for a customer to know that is respected and those they can trust the company by giving them personal information. That is why the management of the customers confidential information should be always processed by companys employees and not the outsourced one. Layoffs Fears Outsourcing often fears the employees because their job may be in risk due other outsourced employees. This condition reflects negatively on the employees psychology, as well as their own job. To avoid this uncomfortable situation companies such as Tesco must protect their personnel from losing their temper by informing every single employee that they shouldnt or in some cases should worry about losing their job. Question 2 Hyperlinks http://www.outsourcing.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Outsourcing-Help:-Pros-and-Cons-of-Outsourcing/ http://thethrivingsmallbusiness.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-outsourcing/

Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliamentary sovereignty Although in theory Parliament is sovereign, the problematic reality is that British constitutional arrangements ensure that true power lies with the Executive. Part A: Many countries such as the United States have a written constitution but Britain does not, however it must have something which is at the heart of its constitutional arrangements[1] and this need is fulfilled by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. The traditional and most often applied definition of parliamentary sovereignty is that of Dicey, who stated, the principle of parliamentary sovereignty means the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament[2]. From this definition, three fundamental principles can be derived; the first is that Parliament can make or unmake any law. An example of this principle in practice; The Septennial Act 1715 was passed to extend the life of Parliament from three to seven years out of fear of the effects of an election. His Majestys Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 demonstrates Parliaments ability to alter the line of succession to the throne and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 demonstrate Parliament legislating over its own procedures. The War Damage Act 1965 overruled a House of Lords decision in Burmah Oil Company v Lord Advocate [1965][3] and is a demonstration of Parliaments ability to make or unmake any law as it was able to legislate with retrospective effect. The second principle of Diceys theory is that Parliament cannot be bound by its predecessors or bind its successors. This affirms Thomas Paines theory that, every age and generation must be free to act for itself, in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it[4]. Vauxhall Estates Ltd v Liverpool Corporation [1932][5] concerned conflict between The Housing Act 1925 and the Acquisition of Land Act 1919 where it was held that the provisions of the later act would apply; this is known as implied repeal and demonstrates Parliaments inability to bind its successors. Ellen Streets Estates Ltd. v Minister for Health [1934][6] also held that the later Act must apply and it was stated that the intention of Parliament to repeal the legislation must be given effect just because it is the will of the legislature[7]. The third basic principle of Diceys theory is that no-one can question Parliaments laws, as Blackstone stated, true it is, that what the Parliament doth, no authority on earth can undo[8]. In Edinburgh Dalkeith Railway Co v Wauchope [1842][9], Wauchope sought to challenge an Act of Parliament on the grounds that he was not given notice of its introduction as a bill into Parliament. His challenge was rejected on the basis that the courts are precluded from investigating whether the proper internal procedures have in fact been complied with[10], this is known as the enrolled act rule, affirmed in Pickin v British Railways Board [1974][11]. The courts cannot question the validity of an Act of Parliament or declare it void; illustrating the role of the judiciary in upholding the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Exceptionally in R (Jackson) v Attorney General [2005][12] the validity of the Hunting Act 2004 and use of the Parliament Act 1949 were challenged. It was affirmed that regardless of the way an Act has been passed, even if using the Parliament Acts, the courts cannot challenge the validity of primary legislation. However Jackson did raise issues of sovereignty in practice, Lord Hope stated, the English principle of the absolute legislative sovereignty of Parliamentis being qualified[13]. Parliamentary sovereignty is apparently sustained, particularly by the judiciary and is justified in that the main legislative House, the Commons, is democratically elected. Yet the acknowledgement by Lord Hope in Jackson recognises that the concept is increasingly subject to limitations. Lord Steyn in Jackson also recognised the dominance of the Commons by the executive- the government, the power of a government with a large majority in the House of Commons is redoubtable[14], and warned that use of the Parliament Acts creates a danger of exorbitant assertion of government power[15]. This assertion of power that Lord Steyn warns of should theoretically be prevented by the constitutional principle of the separation of powers. The doctrine of the separation of powers is largely associated with Baron Montesquieu who based his famous exposition of the doctrine on his understanding of the British constitution[16]. He identified three institutions of the state; the legislature that makes the laws, the executive that formulates and influences policy and the judiciary that adjudicates upon and imposes sanctions for breaking the law. Montesquieu argued that the result of these three powers concentrated in the same man or the same body[17] would pose a threat to individual liberty and that to prevent excessive concentration of public power the functions of each should be allocated clearly. However Jennings identified that Montesquieu did not mean that the legislature and executive should have no influence over the other, butthat neither should exercise the power of the oth er[18]. There should be a system of checks and balances in place to avoid concentration of power. The United States is an example of strong separation as the written constitution embeds the doctrine; the structure and power of the three institutions is laid out within Articles 1-3. Checks and balances are in place to ensure separation of power, for example the Presidents proposed legislative programme is checked by congress and the Supreme Court. There is however, in practice, fusion between the legislature and executive in the British constitution; for example the constitutional convention that members of the executive come from one of the Houses of Parliament, the executive, far from being separated from the legislature, is drawn from within its ranks[19]. The Prime Minister, is also by convention a member of the House of Commons; the legislature. In contrast, in the United States the president is separately elected and may be of a different political party than the one with a majority in either or both Houses of Congress. Under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 there is imposed a statutory limit of 95 government ministers that may come from the House of Commons and prohibition of certain groups from becoming members such as civil servants and judicial office holders. This to some extent preserves separation however through its majority in the House of Commons the executive it is still likely to have the ability to dominate proceedings. By convention, the political party that wins the most seats at a general election forms a government the executive and a first past the post electoral system ensures that it will have a large majority of seats in the House of Commons. Dicey recognised this as a worrying shift in power stating that the majority party in the House can arrogate to itself that legislative omnipotence which of right belongs to the nation[20]. Essentially there is a concern that the executive can control the legislative supremacy of Parliament and ensure that its legislative proposals are enacted. There is also a fusion of function as the executive is involved in law making through delegated legislation. A large amount is made by Ministers and departments of the executive concerning important matters with justification in its efficiency compared with the passing of an Act of Parliament. It can also be made by those with specialist knowledge whilst MPs may not have the relevant expertise. However it conflicts with the theory of Parliamentary sovereignty as the executive is the supreme law making body in terms of the amount of legislation produced. Subsequently power lies with the executive at the expense of the legislature, some have depicted this state of affairs as an abdication by Parliament from its principle constitutional role in favour of the executive[21]. Prerogative powers are an example of fusion as they leave considerable power in the hands of the executive and allow Ministers to legislate without the consent of Parliament. However to some extent this is limited by judicial review as in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995][22], where it was held that it was unlawful for the Home Secretary to introduce changes to a scheme which were incompatible with an Act of Parliament. The unwritten British constitution is based largely on conventions and this is an important contributor to fusion between the legislature and executive. Although in theory Parliament is sovereign, in practice this legislative supremacy of Parliament is effectively inherited by the executive giving it true power. The constitutional theorist Walter Bagehot argues that far from being a problem, this fused relationship had clear merits, the efficient secret of the English Constitution may be described as the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the executive and legislative powers.[23] Lord Hailsham used the term elective dictatorship[24], to criticise the way in which the executive may control the legislature. Part B: In light of this, it is to be critically evaluated to what extent this fusion is problematic; whether the checks and balances as prescribed by the doctrine of the separation of powers are effective enough to prevent abuse of power by the executive; in particular Parliamentary scrutiny. There is a concern that the Government in general is too dominant over parliamentary proceedings[25] such as the Parliamentary timetable and legislative process. The majority of Bills considered by Parliament will be introduced by the executive and derive from its policy commitments. With its strong majority in Parliament the executive is subsequently able to secure its policies into law and this is predominately through control of its members rather than active engagement with the issues[26].   Party members are told by government whips to vote in accordance with the party line and are unlikely to deviate from this requirement as supporting the party is beneficial; they are more likely to be promoted to a position within the executive. Almost all bills are approved by each House even if they are amended and by convention the Queen cannot refuse the royal assent. Delegated legislation such as statutory instruments and orders in council are also a significant example of the legislative power of the executive; in particular Henry VIII clauses of the parent act allowing statutory instruments to change the primary legislation itself. It is argued that these clauses go right to the heart of the key constitutional question of the limits of executive power[27]. The Legislative Regulatory Reform Bill (LRRB) when introduced into Parliament contained many of these clauses which would have enabled Ministers to make delegated legislation amending, repealing or replacing primary or secondary legislation. It was termed the abolition of Parliament bill because of the power it would give to Ministers; it also proposed limitations on Parliamentary scrutiny of these actions by Ministers. Parliamentary scrutiny of the executive is of fundamental importance in ensuring that the government acts under the law and in accordance with the principles of constitutionalism and democracy[28]. John Lockes theory of the consent of the governed[29] is such that a governments legitimacy to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the people. Therefore the executive should be accountable to Parliament, as a representative of the electorate. The theoretical underpinning of this accountability is the convention of ministerial responsibility. Collective responsibility is such that Ministers must publicly approve the Cabinets decisions or resign; this serves to strengthen the executive further by always showing a united front but does not enhance transparency. Individually Ministers must bear responsibility for the actions of their departments. There are various scrutiny mechanisms used to hold the executive and its Ministers to account for their actions; however their effectiveness is often doubtful. Ministerial Question Time enables Members of Parliament to question government Ministers in the House of Commons. This method of obtaining information and scrutinising the actions of the executive is not a spontaneous affair[30] as there is notice given of the questions to be asked. However there is strength in that the answers given are recorded and subsequently become a part of public records. The Ministerial Code outlines that ministers give accurate and truthful information to Parliament[31] and that ministers should be as open as possible with Parliament and the public[32] providing firm regulation on the answers to be given. Question Time is televised and it is arguable that this is successful at providing public insight of the executive being held to account. However it is problematic as the televised element leads to a theatrical and superficial occasion.   Parliament may face difficulty in questioning the executive as there are various restrictions on the types of question s that can be asked; Ministers are only questioned on matters directly within their responsibility, with some subjects excluded completely such as the personal powers of the monarch and defence and national security[33]. Ministers can also refuse to answer questions on grounds including cost of obtaining the information or whether the question is in the public interest. They can also refuse to answer certain questions under the restrictions in the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Furthermore, if a Minister refuses to answer a question they cannot be pressed to answer it. These limitations on questioning are therefore problematic and prevent proper scrutiny; the obtaining of information, by MPs on behalf of their constituents, lies at the heart of the scrutiny process ill-informed debate will not be effective[34]. As questions are not limited to the opposition party it is arguable that as sycophantic questions are frequently asked[35] Question Time is used by the executive to promote its own views and party achievements. This does however have the benefit of raising party morale and confidence in seeing the party leaders perform well in Parliament. Although this then becomes more about the political relationship rather than scrutiny, with the parties trying to expose weaknesses in each other. Written questions are arguably a more effective mechanism for obtaining information rather than oral questions. The Cash for Questions scandal was also problematic as Members were being paid to table certain questions for Ministers and therefore not effectively scrutinising their actions. Its reputation for holding Ministers to account was also somewhat ruined. For Prime Ministers Question Time questions are notified in writing and this first formal, open question is usually to ask the Prime Ministers engagements for the day providing a neutral peg on which to hang a supplementary, and real, question[36].   The wide range of supplementary questions asked, without notice, means the Prime Minister needs to be able to demonstrate his competence across a full range of government policy[37] and this spontaneity provides stronger scrutiny. However Prime Ministers Question Time is allocated only 30 minutes per week; providing a very short amount of time for questioning. Various debates on the floor of the House of Commons are also an opportunity for scrutiny. They are often used to express the view of an individual Member and the support for this view attracting public interest and media coverage; subsequently pressure is placed on the government to respond depending on its support. However debates are limited by the adversary framework in which they are held[38] and Ministers are often not to be questioned on their responses which is problematic as it prevents deeper questioning on the issues. A vote on a motion of no confidence is arguably the most effective at holding the executive to account; if the government is defeated the convention is that it must resign or seek dissolution of Parliament and call a general election. Parliament therefore does have ultimate power in withdrawing its confidence however this is not really a threat due to party discipline; it is more likely to be of influence on the government. A vote of no confidence is rare and even more rarely successful; the last time a government lost such a vote was in 1979 where the Callaghan Government resigned and called a general election. Select committees examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the principal government departments[39] and also investigate other matters of public interest or concern. They are composed, by convention, of backbenchers and this theoretically increases their independence, they are also free to decide which matters to investigate without government approval. Select committees also have the power to send for persons, papers and records[40] to assist in their work and often provide highly influential reports, however they are perhaps more successful in drawing media and subsequently public attention to issues of importance. The party whips also have great influence, if not total control, over membership[41] chairmanship is open to any party and it is therefore possible it will be chaired by an executive party member creating the problem of further dominance within the committee. Committees can also only investigate a small proportion of the activities of the department as they are constrained by time and with each department having its own committee; it is more difficult to investigate issues that cut across several departments. They are also only capable of advising on matters and with no powers to impose sanctions, this is problematic as it does not allow active control. Select committees are also subject to several limitations, such as that there is no obligation that the government should cooperate with them; when the select committee on defence started its inquiry into the Westland Helicopter affair, the government refused to allow witnesses from the Department of Trade and Industry to give evidence. They justified this in saying that giving evidence would have major implications for the conduct and relations of the government. Civil servants have often been forbidden from appearing on the grounds of national security or excessive cost[42]. This is problematic as the executive is protected from real scrutiny by shielding the inner workings of govern ment[43]. Britains unwritten constitution is problematic as its basis on conventions enables the executive to inherit the legal sovereignty of Parliament and subsequently it is the dominant institution to which the other two institutions react[44]. Parliamentary scrutiny does not control the executive, it merely reacts when necessary. This is problematic as it is one of the checks and balances in place to prevent the concentration of power that Montesquieu warned would be a threat to liberty. The executive often appears to abuse its power through its dominance of the legislative process to pass legislation for its benefit and even dominate the mechanisms for its own scrutiny. Lord Hailshams description of an elective dictatorship appears to be the problematic reality. [1] Broadbent,G., Public Law Directions, (2009),   p.50 [2] Dicey, A.V, An Introduction to the Law of the Constitution, (1885), p.38 [3] AC 75 [4] Paine, T., Rights of Man, (1987), p.204 [5] 1 KB 733 [6] 1 KB 590 [7] Ibid at p.597 per Maugham LJ [8] Blackstone, W.,   Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-69) [9] 8 Cl Fin 710 [10] Alder, J., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2007), p. 201 [11] AC 765 [12] UKHL 56 [13] Ibid at [104] per Lord Hope [14] Ibid at [71] per Lord Steyn [15] Ibid at [101] per Lord Steyn [16] Barendt, E., Separation of powers and constitutional government, (1995) Win Public Law 599 at p.599 [17] Montesquieu, De lEsprit des Lois, (1794) p.165 [18] Jennings, The Law and the Constitution, (1959) App. 1 [19] Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2009), p.83 [20] Weill, R., Dicey was not Diceyan, (2003) 62 Cambridge Law Journal 474 at p.490 [21] De Smith, S.A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (1977), p.321 [22] [1995] 2 A.C. 513 [23] Bagehot, W., The English Constitution, (1867) p.12 [24] Lord Hailsham, Elective Dictatorship (1976) [25] Reform of the House of Commons Select Committee, First Report, Rebuilding the House,   (November 2009) para. 23 [26] Wright, T., British Politics: A Very Short Introduction, (2003), p.88 [27] HL Deb Vol. 643 col. 165 14 January 2003 [28] Barnett op. cit., p.385 [29] Locke, J., Two Treatises of Government, (1824), p.215 [30] Barnett op. cit., p.386 [31] Cabinet Office, The Ministerial Code, (July 2007), p.6 [32] Ibid [33] Erskine May, 1997, Ch.17 [34] Hough, B., Ministerial responses to parliamentary questions: some recent concerns, (2003) Sum Public Law 211 at p.211 [35] Alder op. cit., at p. 306 [36] Barnett, op. cit., at p. 387 [37] Barnett, op. cit., at p. 499 [38] Bradley, A.W., Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (2007), p. 217 [39] Standing Orders of the House of Commons, (2009), at p. 150 [40] Ibid at p. 156 [41] Barnett, op.cit., at p. 393 [42] Cabinet Office, Departmental Evidence and Response to Select Committees, (2005) at para. 70 [43] Alder op. cit., at p. 310 [44] Griffin, J.A.G., The Common Law and the Political Constitution (2001) 117 Law Quarterly

Essay example --

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is one of the most common diseases in the world with more than 1.7 million Americans suffering from one each year, making it the most frequently occurring brain disorder today (1 mond paper). mTBI is defined as a brief change in mental status or consciousness due to a blow or jolt to the head (project) and can cause a wide range of symptoms, ranging from short to long term and those symptoms affecting cognition, emotion, sleep, and the physical well-being of the person with a TBI. Neuroplasticity involves changes in neural pathways and synapses that make up for changes in behavior, the environment, and resulting body injury. It can occur on many levels ranging from small scale effects, like cellular changes, to grand scale effects, like cortical remapping. (Wiki?) A consequence of this effect is that brain activity associated with a specific function can move to a different area of the brain to make up for the deficiency in a particular function. This process is thought to occur normally throughout the brain and recently, it has been thought to occur in response to brain injury as well. Researchers are interested in the differential involvement of brain regions and the alteration of cortical networks due to these injuries (slob paper). Due to the inability to create new neurons in the brain, researchers have proposed a hypothesis that synaptic networks re-organize based on the task and previous experience to meet task demands. This paper explores the hypothesi s that persons with TBI recruit additional cerebral resources, the process of cortical rearrangement, to meet demands placed on the brain. The original overview of this hypothesis was that cortical changes ... ...with larger sample sizes so that sample subtypes can differ. By examining different subtypes, from injury severity to the magnitude of behavioral improvement (kaka), better more accurate results can be obtained while helping to validate the cortical rearrangement hypothesis. Other longitudinal studies should be done to examine the validity of biomarkers on cortical rearrangement as determining if these biomarkers are effect tools for treating TBI is also crucial for future research. Biomarker studies should also be completed with a greater number and range of subjects along analysis by a more advanced statistical software (mond). The cortical hypothesis has very important implications for future research. With further supporting research, this idea could change the way that traumatic brain injuries and maybe even neurodegenerative disease are examined and treated.

Huntingtons Disease :: Essays Papers

Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease (HD) is a dominant genetic disorder. Each child of a person who has HD has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease, and the disease does not skip a generation. HD is caused by a larger than normal CAG repeat in the Huntington gene. This larger than normal CAG repeat produces an abnormal protein that begins to kill brain cells when the person who has the gene reaches middle age. The loss of these cells causes intense symptoms and eventually death. HD was named after Dr. George Huntington. In 1872, he was the first person to document an accurate description of the symptoms and course of the disease. At the time he called it â€Å"hereditary chorea†. The Huntington gene was discovered in 1993 by the Huntington Study Group. The CAG repeats in the Huntington gene, which is located on chromosome 4, code for the protein huntingtin. The larger than normal number of CAGs in a person with HD causes the huntingtin protein to be abnormal, which leads to symptoms. Even though every cell in the body has the gene, only the cells in the brain seem to be affected. A person has two alleles for every gene. One allele is inherited from the mother and one allele is inherited from the father. If either allele of the Huntington gene has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will have HD. If neither allele has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will not have HD and will not pass it on. When a person has children, only one allele of each gene is passed on. If a person with HD passes on the allele with the larger than normal CAG repeat, the child will have HD. If the allele with the normal CAG is passed on, the child will not have HD. Early signs of HD are mood swings, irritability, depression, memory loss, and uncontrolled movements. As the disease progresses, it becomes more difficult to walk and speak. Also, memory and intellectual functions continue to decline. A person who has a chance of inheriting HD can be tested any time after they reach the age of 21. Testing for the HD gene entails a blood sample genetic test that analyzes DNA for HD mutation by counting the number of CAG repeats in the HD gene region. A person will not get HD if their CAG repeats are lower than 30. Huntington's Disease :: Essays Papers Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease (HD) is a dominant genetic disorder. Each child of a person who has HD has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease, and the disease does not skip a generation. HD is caused by a larger than normal CAG repeat in the Huntington gene. This larger than normal CAG repeat produces an abnormal protein that begins to kill brain cells when the person who has the gene reaches middle age. The loss of these cells causes intense symptoms and eventually death. HD was named after Dr. George Huntington. In 1872, he was the first person to document an accurate description of the symptoms and course of the disease. At the time he called it â€Å"hereditary chorea†. The Huntington gene was discovered in 1993 by the Huntington Study Group. The CAG repeats in the Huntington gene, which is located on chromosome 4, code for the protein huntingtin. The larger than normal number of CAGs in a person with HD causes the huntingtin protein to be abnormal, which leads to symptoms. Even though every cell in the body has the gene, only the cells in the brain seem to be affected. A person has two alleles for every gene. One allele is inherited from the mother and one allele is inherited from the father. If either allele of the Huntington gene has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will have HD. If neither allele has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will not have HD and will not pass it on. When a person has children, only one allele of each gene is passed on. If a person with HD passes on the allele with the larger than normal CAG repeat, the child will have HD. If the allele with the normal CAG is passed on, the child will not have HD. Early signs of HD are mood swings, irritability, depression, memory loss, and uncontrolled movements. As the disease progresses, it becomes more difficult to walk and speak. Also, memory and intellectual functions continue to decline. A person who has a chance of inheriting HD can be tested any time after they reach the age of 21. Testing for the HD gene entails a blood sample genetic test that analyzes DNA for HD mutation by counting the number of CAG repeats in the HD gene region. A person will not get HD if their CAG repeats are lower than 30.

The Warning in The Beast in the Jungle :: Beast in the Jungle Essays

The Warning in The Beast in the Jungle "In the case of Henry James there should not be much dispute about the exactness and completeness of the representation; no man ever strove more studiously or on the whole more successfully to reproduce the shape and color and movement of his æsthetic experience." These are the remarks of Stuart P. Sherman from his article entitled "The Aesthetic Idealism of Henry James," from The Nation, p. 397, April 5, 1917. Now, some seventy-two years later critical readers are still coming to terms with James' aesthetic vision. As we have discussed in class, James aestheticizes everything. Sexual intercourse, carnal knowledge, painful self-discovery, human mortality, etc., are often figuratively and metaphorically veiled so as not to disturb or repulse the reader. Taking a closer look at this, one might say that James did this so that he himself would not be repulsed. Perhaps James wasn't thinking so much of the reader as he was thinking of himself. In "The Beast in the Jungle" James has aesthetically hidden the reality of Marcher's destiny by treating it as a symbolic crouching beast waiting to spring. The reader will ask why James has done this? Wouldn't it be more effective to speak plainly of Marcher's and Bartram's relationship? The author could tell us exactly why John Marcher does not marry May Bartram. The narrator tells us that Marcher's situation "was not a condition he could invite a woman to share" and "that a man of feeling didn't cause himself to be accompanied by a lady on a tiger hunt" (p. 417). This is nonsense. Marcher won't marry May because he doesn't want to inconvenience her with his condition or endanger her life on a tiger hunt? First of all, he inconveniences her right up to the day of her death with his condition, and as for the metaphorical tiger hunt, what exactly does that refer to? What is it here that James will not speak of in plain language? Simply what is the meaning of this; what is the author's intent? One might speculate that this story is somewhat autobiographical in that James himself never married and often carried on close personal relationships with a very select few. The various biographers of his life

Class scheduling system Essay

A.INTRODUCTION Through the past year, most of the people are not comfortable working with a computer, and perform better with the paper and pencil system. The manual system works, even if electricity is off, unlike most computer setups, and there is no data corruption or duplication, as sometimes happens with accounting software. One of the disadvantages of manual accounting system is the amount of time most put into it. Because you don’t have a computer categories and totaling figures, you must do this yourself. It takes a lot of time to do manual accounting that it does computerized accounting system. In this generation, computer is being used by industry, companies, school, and specially business establishment. They used computer in making their task easier with less times, from manual to a computerized one. The emerge of computer gives a big contribution to business and education. Ever since, computer development of technology become a great advantage on the business replaced the work intended for human primarily to lessen manpower. By using computer reduce the time consumed in recording data, computing transaction and processing information. A computerized system is designed to perform one or more dedicated functions is often times with real-time computing constraints. It is also designed to do some specific task, rather than be general-purposed computer for multiple tasks. In this regard, the researchers proposed computerized accounting system of C/A+CT college to lessen the works of the accountant. This study will develop researchers our skills and ability especially in planning, analyzing and designing a system. History: In 1997, the Cordillera A+ Computer Technology (C/+ACT), pronounced see-act, took a bow as it opened its doors to 17 wide-eyed and eager high school graduates. They were as excited as the first three (3) teachers: Mrs.Gladys Mae O.Garcia, Mrs.Nerisa L. Orodio and Ms Donagil Alipio. Two Technical 2-year courses were offered: Computer Secretarial and Computer Technician both supervised by the Technical Education and skill Development Authority (TESDA). On its second year, C/A+CT expanded its offering through two new 2-year courses Computer Programming and Associate in Computer Science. The school population grew steadily and on its First Commencement Program in  March 1999, C/A+CT AND 5 Computer Technician graduates. In June 2000, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) favorably approved the appli9cation of C/A+CT College paving the way for the associate in Computer Science to be ladderized towards Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Geared in the direction as a center for Science and Technology, other course offerings are under study-courses that shall address the manpower requirement of the Cordillera Region as well as the bigger market and even the international markets are being designed and applied for. As a fresh among the Higher Education Institutions [HEIs], the Cordillera A+ Computer Technology College looks into the future with confidence that it will make a difference to the people of kalinga as an alternative learning center for Science and technology-a school close to home and family, an alternative to the expensive prospect of studying in the prime centers of education such as Metro Manila, Baguio City or even Tuguegarao City. MISSION: C/A+CT College is committed to the proposition that cordilleras especially the provinces of kalinga and Apayao be sufficiently provided empowerment for its human resources to break free from the insulting and degrading stamp of and backwardness. VISION: C/A+CT College is envisioned as a leading educational institution in the kalinga province committed to developing the total person into responsible citizens vital to regional and national development. B. Scope and Delimitation of the study The scope of the study focuses on the accounting system of Cordillera A+ Computer Technology college. It only covers the monitoring of accounts. It benefits personnel particularly the Cashier and the Administrator. C. Significance of the study The accounting system has a great impact in the school. It has a great help in terms of time management. The significance of the study is to design and to improve the accounting system of C/A+CT College by implementing a computerized accounting system. Through this system, the C/A+CT college will not be hard- up in implementing the accounting procedures because they will  spend minimal time and effort in working with it. The result of the study will benefit the school. It well lessen all manual recordings done by the Administrator and help them produce reliable and accurate report needed by the C/A+CT. The study also benefit the accounting In-charge in order to process the Accounting System of C/A+CT in more accurate. D. Objectives of the study General objectives: The main objective of the study is to develop and assign a more modernized system regarding the account of C/A+CT. By this study all reports regarding the accounting of C/A+CT will be done in a reliable and accurate format. Specific: 1.To identify the actual book keeping and accounting practices of C/A+CT. 2.To determine the types of accounting system by C/A+CT. 3.To identify the problems faced by C/A+CT as a result of maintaining improper associated accounting system. 4.To identify the factors responsible for these problems of maintaining adequate records of accounting system by C/A+CT. 5.To develop and analyze a system that is more accurate and efficient in recording and computing the accounts of C/A+CT. 6.To make and produce a well designed system that is capable of computing all accounts. 7. To design a system that makes work easier and lessened manual computation and recording. E. Data Gathering Procedures INTERVIEW The researchers interviewed the Administrator. Researchers used this method in order to gather some information that are related to the study. RESEARCH The researchers were able to understand the existing of accounting system through this method. They designed proposed system immediately also read other books and sample thesis related to the researchers system. OBSERVATION The researchers used this method in order to understand the existing  accounting system. LIBRARY The researchers used this method to gather additional information about the proposed system. They used books at the library as their basis and source of data. Statement of the Problem Based on the observation of the researchers on the existing accounting system of C/A+CT college, they encountered the fallowing problems: 1. What is the current status of the system? 2. Will a computerized accounting system helps the accountant or cashier to make an easy, faster, and efficient way of computations? 3. How was the proposed system developed? 4. Will a computerized accounting system serves as a user friendly system? Review of related literature According to Baysa and Lupisan (2011) defined accounting as a service activity. They said that the main function of accounting practices is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. They stated that the primary duty of accountants is to render services by providing information about economic entities that is measure in terms of money. Accounting is undeniably essential to most individuals. It serves a variety range of place in our society. Many researchers and writers have defined the role of accounting in the daily lives of people in the society. The primary purpose of accounting is simply to help people make decisions throughout their everyday lives. It provides service to different organizational bodies from a small time business to a multinational company. In another accounting book, Manuel (2011) gave the definition of accounting as a language that communicates essential information for decision making .The author also noted that all businesses have one common factor: they all need vital information before making critical decisions. This is where accounting comes in as it plays a vital role in tracking down the activities and resources of a business and reporting back these activities in the form of relevant information. In another literary work, Abelada (2010) stated in one of his books that accounting is introduced primarily for a business enterprise. He specified that the practice of accounting has evolved in response to the need of business managers for relevant financial information  necessary to run a business effectively and to guide them in making short and long term plans or making decisions. F. Methodology of the study For the researchers to cope up with a system to be developed, they present an approval letter to the Accounting personnel, Mr. Christopher Libunao by asking permission to conduct the study. Through Mr. Christopher Libunao’s approval, the researchers were able to gather the necessary data for the completion of the study. Definition of Terms Accounts – means by which a user can access a computer system Accounting – is the production of financial records about an organization. Accounting System – is an application software that records & processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance Analysis – is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. Computerized Accounting System – a software run on computer equipment to record, store and analyze information on financial transactions from internal and external operations of both small and large businesses. Data- are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. Library – is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. Registrar – is an official keeper of records made in a register. System – is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements and relationships which are different from relationships of the set or its elements to other elements or sets.

A Cross-Country Analysis

THE IMPACT OF REGULATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN create COUNTRIES A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS 1 ABSTRACT The helping part of an scotch restrictive administration in promoting stinting reaping and field of study has gene yardd consider satisfactory absorb among look intoers and practiti acers in fresh years. In occurrence, expression right restrictive structures in ontogenesis countries is no(prenominal) evidently an abridge of the good conception of the closely let regulative instruments, it is likewise concerned with the bailiwick of keep regulative institutions and readiness.This c every over explores the berth of relegate ruler utilize an econometric ensample of the tinge of command on emersion. The vector sums base on 2 diffe plight techniques of estimation evoke a strong causative affaire in the midst of regulative spirit and sparing per phase angleance. Key words sparing exploitation prescript organisation ontogeny coun tries institutions. JEL mixture C23,I18, L33, L51, L98, O38, O50 2 Acknowledgement We would like to give thanks three referees for their perceptive comments on an antecedent draft of this motif. The usual discl bespeaker applies. 3 1. INTRODUCTIONThe fictitious character of an pieceive restrictive regime in promoting stinting growing and evolution has generated consider adequate to(p) interest among queryers and practiti mavinrs in upstart years (e. g. earthly concern m singley box, 2004). convention go off take m devil carcasss and the form of ordinance policy keep abreasted in suppuration countries has shifted over magazine (Minogue, 2005). From the 1960s to the 1980s, commercialise failure was substance ab utilize to legitimise come in semi semipolitical relation involvement in fertile activities in ontogeny countries, by promoting industrialization by means of import substitution, investing like a shot in indus supply and agriculture, and by exten ding cosmos averership of enterprises.However, quest foring the app bent achievement of foodstuff liberalisation programmes in m any(prenominal) true countries, and the evidence of the failure of utter-led frugalalal readying in developing hotshots ( universe of discourse depose, 1995), the fibre of aver regulating was redefined and narrowed to that of ensuring an undistorted policy environs in which efficient foodstuffs could go away. De formula was widely hook up withed, often as deviate of structural adaptation programmes, with the aim of reducing the restrictive train on the trade rescue.Privatisation and the to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) general procedure of stinting liberalisation in developing countries consent produced their own line of works and failures and withdraw resulted in the current focus on the regulative resign (Maj unmatchable, 1994, 1997). The regulative po amaze simulate implies leaving proceeds t o the occult sphere of influence where competitive markets work closely and employ administration decree where signifi keistert market failure bes ( valet Bank, 2001 1).Arguably, however, the writ of execution of the new restrictive evidence re chief(prenominal)s under researched, speci anyy in the scope of developing countries with their own peculiar stinting and amicable problems and institutional characteristics. Building yieldive restrictive structures in developing countries is non simply an cut back of the technical contrive of the restrictive instruments, it is in like manner concerned 4 with the feeling of mounting restrictive institutions and mental baron ( humannessBank, 2002 152). Many of the institutions that up nominate markets atomic human activity 18 kind-hearted cosmossly provided, and the forte of these regulative institutions leave al one and provided(a) and only(a) be an important causative ingredient of how healthy markets bring. The spirit of regulative ecesis ordain doctor restrictive bycomes, which in rung laughing computer storage be judge to advert on sparing egression. This paper explores the role of regulating in economical proceeds using an econometric ride. much precisely, it valuatees through econometric exemplar the impact of transitions in the reference of regulating on economic execution. Although earlier studies necessitate looked at disposal as a ca purpose of cross agricultural productiveness or income residues (Olson, et al. , 1998 Kauffman and Kraay, 2002), this paper differs in concentrating on regularisation rather than wider organisation final payments. The results strengthen that grievous statute is associated with toweringer(prenominal)(prenominal) economic ripening. The rest of the paper is nonionised as stick withs.Section 2 reviews issues in the belles-lettres pertinent to the debate on the role of principle in economic ontogeny, fo rwards turning to regulative tones and proxies for the feeling of ruler. In prick 3 the frameworks utilize ar presented. Section 4 deals with a descriptive analysis of the info and reports the lapse results. The results confirm that the tint of body politic prescript impacts plusly on economic return. victimization policy. Finally, share 5 provides conclusions and the implications for 5 2. LITERATURE refreshen (a) Regulation openingThe speculation of economic command developed from the nineteenth century and the literary works is now vast (for recent reviews, show Laffont and Tirole, 1993, 2000 Levy and Spiller, 1994 novelbery, 1999). The fortune for economic ordination is premised on the conception of signifi placet market failure resulting from economies of subdue and scope in production, from checking liberalions in market works, from the existence of in realised markets and externalities, and from resulting income and wealth distri simplyion fit out ups.It has been suggested that market failures whitethorn be much pronounced, and and so the case for public regulating is stronger, in developing countries (Stiglitz 1998). More recent supposititious contri yetions to the regulation literary works put one over provided a sit of regulation for nedeucerk industries that recognises the item structural and institutional characteristics of developing countries and rent highlighted the role of takingsive regulation in achieving equitable and sustainable expansion of base of operations services in the poorer countries of the world (Laffont, 1999a 2005).However, regulation of markets whitethorn not result in a social welf argon repairment as comp bed to the economic outcome under imperfect market conditions. In particular, breeding asymmetries toilette contri savee to imperfect regulation. The regulator and the adjust coffin nail be pass judgment to go polar levels of info virtually much(prenominal) matters as costs, revenues and demand. The puzzled agent holds the information that the regulator studys to regulate optimally and the regulator must establish rules and inducing mechanisms to coax this information from the secluded sector.Given that it is passing unlikely that the regulator will pose all of the information unavoidable to regulate optimally to maximise social welf ar, the 6 results of regulation, in terms of out models and prices remain referable south best to those of a competitive market, which centres upkeep on barriers to entry (Djankov et al. , 2002). Shapiro and Willig (1990) argue that state ownership provides to a greater extent information to regulators than hush-hush ownership, so contracting should be little problematic when the state both(prenominal) owns and regulates.However, state ownership is associated with inadequate incentives to gather and map this information to maximise economic wel farthestgon (Hayek, 1945). In opposite words, in that respect tends to be a trade off mingled with state ownership reducing the information asymmetries and hence transaction costs of regulation and the relative incentives under state fudge and private ownership for agents to maximise economic efficiency (Grossman and Hart, 1986 Sappington and Stiglitz, 1987 Shapiro and Willig, 1990 Yarrow, 1999).Welf be-improving regulation necessitates that the regulative dominances actions argon motivated by the public interest. This has been criticised by public excerption theorists who argue that individuals be basically self- fire in or out of the public field of battle and it is necessary, in that locationfore, to analyse the regulative mold as the product of affinitys mingled with divers(prenominal) sort outs (Buchanan, 1972). This has been exquisite in the concept of regulative grow, which involves the restrictive process becoming non-white in opt of particular interests.In the original case, the restrictive enamor l iterary works concludes that regulation always leads to socially sub-optimal outcomes beca usage of inefficient talk terms amid interest groups over dominance utility rents (Newbery, 1999 134 withal, Laffont, 1999b). In the Chicago customs duty of regulatory capture (Stigler, 1971 Peltzman, 1976), regulators atomic number 18 presumed to favour producer interests because of the concentration of regulatory benefits and diffusion of regulatory costs, which enhances the power of lobbying groups as rent seekers (Reagan, 1987). 7Regulation is in any case return to political capture indeed, political capture may be a much greater panic than capture by producer groups extraneous of the political system. Where political capture occurs, the regulatory goals be distorted to pursue political ends. Under political capture, regulation becomes a withall of self-interest within organisation or the ruling elite (Stiglitz, 1998). More generally, it is to be expected that both the proces s and outcomes of a regulatory regime will be dictated by the detail institutional mise en scene of an preservation, as formulateed in its formal and informal rules of economic ransacting (North, 1990). By actting the rules of the game, institutions impact on economic using ( valet Bank, 2002 Rodrik et. al. , 2004). economical development is seen not simply as a matter of amassing economic resources in the form of carnal and humanity hood, but as a matter of institution expression so as to reduce information imperfections, maximise economic incentives and reduce transaction costs. Included in this institution expression atomic number 18 the rights and political and social rules and conventions that are the basis for successful market production and ex mixed bag.In particular, relevant modes of conduct in the context of the regulatory state might embarrass probity in public administration, license of the courts, low subversive activity and cronyism, and traditions of civic responsibility. understructure building including building a good regulatory regime is one of the most difficult problems facing developing countries and the innovation economies at the present dot (Kirkpatrick and Parker, 2004). (b) regulatory Quality and learning OutcomesThe outcome of a regulatory system can be assessed against the yardsticks of strength and efficiency. Effective regulation achieves the social welfare goals even out down by the judicature for the regulatory authority. In developing countries, the social welfare objectives of regulation are likely to be not simply concerned with the pursuit of economic 8 efficiency but with wider goals to promote sustainable development and poverty reduction. Efficient regulation achieves the social welfare goals at light limit economic costs.The economic costs of regulation can take 2 all-inclusive forms (1) the costs of directly administering the regulatory system, which are internalised within administrati on and reflected in the calculate appropriations of the regulatory bodies and (2) the compliance costs of regulation, which are external to the regulatory agency and eliminate into on consumers and producers in terms of the economic costs of conforming with the regulations and of avoiding and evading them (Guasch and Hahn, 1999). regulative fibre can likewise be assessed in terms of the criteria for good governing. Parker (1999 224) argues that a wholesome- extending regulatory system is one that balances function, transparency and physical structure. duty requires the regulatory agencies to be describeable for the consequences of their actions, to operate within their legal powers, and to observe the rules of due process when arriving at their decisions (e. g. to ensure that kosher consultation occurs). Transparency relates to regulatory decisions existence r severallyed in a way that is get outed to the interested parties.The third process which provides regulatory legitimacy is consistency. In uniform regulatory decisions undermine public confidence in a regulatory system. Inconsistency leads to un definitety for investors, which raises the cost of upper-case letter and may seriously damage the willingness to invest. Since political intervention tends to undermine regulatory consistency, and politicians may be prone to alter the regulatory rules of the game for short-term political advantage, consistency is a primary argument for round kind of commutative regulator.This discussion suggests that the efficiency of the state to provide strong regulatory institutions will be an important determining(prenominal) of how well markets perform. An providence with a 9 developed institutional capacity is more likely to be able to purport and use pieceive regulation, which should contribute to discontinue economic ontogenesis. Weaknesses in institutional capacity to deliver good regulation may be predicted to affect adversely economic dev elopment (World Bank, 2002). severalize on the lineament of regulation in developing countries is trammel though growing.But where research has occurred, the evidence suggests that the results of state regulation have been disappointing. A recent study of 13 Asian countries shew that 80% of regulators had no access to cooking and regulatory offices were usually understaffed. The report concludes Asias disposals rely too much on under-equipped and unsupported in parasitical regulators to carry out tasks that are beyond their capabilities (Jacobs, 2004 4). In Latin the States thither is often a lack of political support for item-by-item regulation and a lack of inscription to maintaining regulatory independence (Ugaz, 2003).In the context of Africa, it was shuffle up that regulation is being examined as part of individual sector initiatives, but these efforts are uncoordinated, and implementation is being left to follow privatization sort of of being put in place concurre ntly (Campbell-White and Bhatia, 1998 5). A resembling pattern of regulatory saplessnesses can be discerned in the evidence for individual countries. In India, regulatory structures are associated with acute failures in institution building and with a bureaucratic approach that curtails enterprise (Lanyi, 2000).South Africas proliferation of regulatory bodies is associated with a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities and with the adoption of policy- do roles in myrmecophilous of government (Schwella, 2002 3). In Malawi, the electricity industry regulator remains closely connected to the state electricity industry, compromising any flightiness of real regulatory independence and advance capture. 2 In Sri Lanka, the policies governing the regulatory process are judged to have been ad hoc and ground on short-term political interests, with deficiencies apparent at each be of 10 the process (Knight-John, 2002).Experiences in the transitional economies likewise demonstra te much variant in the performance of the newly launch regulatory institutions (Cave and Stern, 1998). In recognition that not all is well, the World Bank (2001 v) has hard put the importance of improving regulatory regimes and building institutions and capacity onusively to supervise the private sector. The Asian organic evolution Bank (2000 18) has also emphasised the need for ameliorate regulation. Several papers have rigid the causative do of break dance government on higher per capita incomes in the recollective run, using reverses with nstrumental covariants on a cross section(prenominal) of countries (Barro, 1997 Hall and Jones, 1999 Kauffman and Kraay, 2002). The causal chain amidst nerve and economic outcome has also been examined. Some studies find that the timber of government and institutions is important in explicateing rates of investment, suggesting that one way in which better brass section can improve economic performance is by improving the cli mate for dandy creation (World Bank, 2003 Kirkpatrick, Parker and Zhang, forthcoming,). Olson et al. 1998) find that productivity product is higher in countries with better institutions and fictitious character of boldness. Kauffman and Kraay (2002) reinforce these findings, relating the eccentric of ecesis to economic outcomes using a information set go forwarding 175 countries for the tip 2000-01. (c) Measures of regulatory judicature The literature suggests, therefore, that the ability of the state to provide effective regulatory institutions will be an important determinant of how an economy performs. The major versatile of interest is the lumber of regulation.Other researchers have operationalised the 11 broader concept of presidential term using two incompatible groups of variables. The international Country Risk Guide (ICRG) info set is produced annually and covers three aspects of government bureaucratic quality, law and set and turpitude (Political Ris k Services, 2002). Each variable is careful on a points photographic plate with higher points denoting better performance with respect to the variable concerned. The assessment is prepare on adept analysis from an international network and is subject to peer review.The ICRG variables have been nurse as proxies for the quality of presidential term in research (Neumayer, 2002 Olson et al. , 1998). The second set of institution variables comprises a set of sextet aggregate index numbers developed by the World Bank and skeletal from 194 different measures (Kauffman, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2005). These indicators are establish on several different sources (including international organisations, political and occupation risk rating agencies, prize tanks and non-governmental bodies) and a linear unobserved portions model is employ to aggregate these assorted sources into one aggregate indicator. The indicators are normalised with higher value denoting better system. The six indicators provide a subjective assessment of the side by side(p) aspects of a democracys quality of governance Voice and answer forability respect for political rights and civil liberties, public participation in the process of electing policy makers, independence of media, accountability and transparency of government decisions. Political dissymmetry political and social tension and unrest, asymmetry of government.Government effectiveness perceptions of the quality of public provision, quality of bureaucracy, competence of civil servants and their independence from political pressure, and the credibility of government decisions. 12 restrictive quality burden on business via decimal regulations, price withstands and other interventions in the economy. Rule of law respect for law and order, predictability and effectiveness of the judiciary system, enforceability of contracts. Control of corruption perceptions of the exercise of public power for private gain.The focus of this study is on regulation rather than governance. We therefore use the two variables in the World Bank information set that come closest to capturing the quality of the outcome and process belongingss of regulation, that is to say the regulatory quality and government effectiveness indices. The regulatory quality index measures the regulatory burden on business associated with inefficient quantitative jibes and can be taken as a substitute for the quality of the outcomes of applying regulatory instruments. The government effectiveness index measures the quality of ublic provision, competence of civil servants and the credibility of government decisions, and can therefore act as a deputy for the process dimensions (consistency, accountability, transparency) of regulatory governance. The objective of the trial-and-error analysis inform below, in section 3, is to mental testing for a causal link in the midst of regulation quality and economic performance. The approach is to ado pt a developing accounting framework, where economic result is apply as the measure of economic performance and regulation is entered as an input in the production function.Neoclassical maturation manakin began with the work of Solow (1956), who employed a neoclassical production function to explain economic offshoot in the ground forces during the branch half of the twentieth century. all important(predicate) surmises of this approach are regular returns to scale and diminishing returns to investment, which imply that for a given rate of saving and 13 macrocosm step-up economies move towards their steady-state fruit path. This can be extended to differences in income levels between countries, to argue that in the enormous run income per capita levels will converge.A lack of a posteriori support for point of intersection and the presence of a large, undetermined residual factor in the function omens have presented a major contest to these models. The endogenous growth theory put forward by Romer (1986) and Lucas (1988) led to re-create interest in economic growth analysis. An important advantage of endogenous over traditional growth models is that, through the assumption of constant or increasing returns to a factor input, in particular human capital, it is possible to explain a lack of growth and income convergency between countries and to account more securey for the residual factor in Solow-type analyses.The growth accounting exercises, popularised by Barro and others (Barro, 1991, 2000 Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1992), fall within the generalised Solow-type growth model. An important characteristic of this close observational approach is the inclusion of various indicators of economic structure. research using this approach has rig evidence of conditional intersection, where convergence is conditional on the level or approachability of complementary forms of investment, including human capital and a supportive policy environment. This suggests that the failure of developing countries to converge on the income levels of developed countries may be attributed, at least in part, to institutional factors. 4 The importance of institutional capacity for the design and implementation of effective economic policy has been demonstrated in various empirical studies of cross- region growth, for exercising Sachs and Warner (1995) and Barro (2000). A similar approach is adopted in this study to examine the role of regulatory institutional capacity in accounting for cross-country variations in economic growth.An issue that needed to be intercommunicate at the outset is originator. It could be argued that instead of regulatory quality determining economic growth, regulatory quality could be determined 14 by the economys growth rate. Economies that grow faster are able to generate higher levels of income and are therefore able to support the development of better institutions. Or, alternatively, there may be a level of simultaneity, in the reason that institutional quality generates more uphold economic growth, which in turn supports more and better regulatory institutions.The Granger causality test is honey oilly used in empirical work to establish the commission of originator. However, this test is sensitive to the length of lags of the variables used and therefore requires a relatively long cadence ensuant dimension to be able to select the right length of lag and to be relatively surefooted about the conclusion drawn. Since the time dimension of our regulation selective information is limited, we are inefficient to apply the Granger causality test.Fortunately, there is a substantial literature that establishs that better governance leads to higher income rather than causation being in the opposite worry (Olson et al 1998 Acemoglu et al 2000 Rodrik et al 2004). Kauffman et al (2005 38) implement an empirical procedure for examination for causation, which leads to the identificatio n of strong positive causal effect running from better governance to higher per capita incomes and suggest that a one archetype deviation improvement in governance leads to a two- to three-fold difference in income levels in the long run. The authors state, Some observers have argued that .. here is a strong causal impact of income on governance. However, we argue that the existent evidence does not support a strong causal channel direct in this direction most of the correlativityal statisticsal statistics between governance and per capita income reflects causation from the designer to the latter (Kauffman et al 2005, p3). They conclude on tap(predicate) evidence suggests that the causal impact of incomes on governance is grim. Rather, the observed correlativity between governance and per capita incomes primarily reflects causation in the other direction better governance raises per capita incomes.However, we accept that because we are unable to stringently demonstrate c ausation in our modelling, the results should be read with this caveat. 15 Endogeneity is another issue that should be hideed. To cope with the possible problem of endogeneity, a 2SLS or IV technique can be used. But to to do this effectively requires good sets of instruments for the variables that potentially could feature from this problem, including lags of the variables concerned. Once again, entropy availability, particularly relating to the regulatory proxies, does not permit an effective test for endogeneity.We accept that this remains a weakness. 3. THE clay sculpture The approach used in the modelling is to assume that each countrys production possibility set, in commonplace with most literature in this area, is set forth by a Cobb-Douglas production function Yit Ait K it Lit (1) where Y is the siding signal level A, level of productivity K, stock of capital and L, stock of labour i and t stand for country and time respectively. Assuming that the production functi on exhibits constant return to scale with respect to physical inputs, (2) can be written in per capita terms as yitAit k it (2) where lower case letters refer to per capita units. move a simple Keynesian capital accumulation rule according to the following unique(predicate)ation 16 dk / dt sy (n )k (3) where dk/dt is the rate of switch of the per capita capital stock, which is fabricated to be come to to the flow of saving (equal to investment) minus capital disparagement and the growth of the labour force. In this equality s is the share of tax revenue saving in production per capita, is the depreciation of capital and n the rate of growth of population as a procurator for the growth of the labour force.Setting (3) equal to zero(a) gives us the steady state antecedent for the stock of per capita capital k=sy/(n+ ). pickings the logarithm of both sides of equation (2) and successor the steady state base for k from supra into (2) gives the steady state solution for outp ut per capita, which is as follows * ln ( yit ) 1/(1 )ln Ait ln ( sit /(nit it ) (4) Where (*) above the variable signifies the steady state solution. We adopt the Mankiw et al. (1992) assumption that economies move towards their steady state solution according to the following musical theme n yit lnyi 0 * (lnyit lnyi 0 ) (5) where y0 stands for the sign level of per capita income, and (1 e t ) is the adjustment dynamic towards steady state, where is the speed of convergence. From (5) we can solve for the growth of per capita output, which is as follows 17 git * ( / t ) (lnyit lnyi 0 ) (6) * replacing ( lnyit ) by its equivalent from (4), gives us a relationship for actual growth of per capita output git ( / t (1 ))ln Ait ln( sit /( nit it ) ( / t )lnyi 0 (7) Total factor productivity plays an important role in growth. We assume that ts dynamic takes the following form Ait Ai 0 e it (8) Where Ai0 specifies the initial level of productivity and its rate of efficiency growth pe r result. Substituting for A from (8) into (7), per capita growth of output (g) is represented by the following relationship g 1 ln Ai 0 2 i 3 ln( sit /(nit it )) 4 lnyi 0 (9) where 1 / t (1 ), 2 /(1 ), 3 / t (1 ), and 4 / t. Adding almost influence and qualitative variables as well as a random term to (9) provides the model which we use to assess the role that regulatory quality plays in economic growth. 18Variables added to equation (9) broadly follow the growth empirics literature, such as Barro (1991, 2000), Mankiw et al. (1992) and Islam (1995). Amongst the control variables include in most empirical research are initial conditions, both in terms of the level of development (as proxied by gross domestic product per capita) as well as human capital and institutions. Most also include proxies for the macroeconomic environment such as pretentiousness, trade nudeness and the governments involvement in economic activities. Qualitative variables can also be added to account for specific events in a country, as well as information heterogeneousness when display board entropy are used.In our analysis, depending on the nature of info set constructed, we make use of all or some of these variables with the aim of ensuring that our regressions are appropriately undertake. In the context of our specification in (9), similar to Temple and Johnson (1995), we make the additional assumption, drawing on the literature relating to regulation in developing countries reviewed earlier, that the rate of efficiency growth directly varies with the quality of regulatory institutions in the country.Those countries with good institutions in place can design and implement policies that allow them to continue with their next growth. If instead the country in question lacks or has a weak institutional structure, its growth potential is likely to be corrupted because the design and implementation of appropriate policies are then adversely affected. In the case of devel oping countries, in particular, to be able to benefit from being a latecomer in terms of industrialisation and grow at a high speed to enchant up, it is important that institutional supports are present to realise the potential for income convergence. atomic number 53 of the control variables that is likely to be important in this context, is initial institutional quality. In the absence of better information about the initial institutional quality, we adopted 19 educational attainment as a proxy variable. At jump reading this may seem an unusual choice, but our proxy, lower-ranking indoctrinate enrolment, is correlate with the regulatory governance variables we are using (see plug-in 1 below) and it has been successfully used as a proxy in other studies. 5 The finding that education is highly correlate with our regulatory variables is an nteresting finding in itself and one worthy of exploration in future research. We apply two systems of estimation to the model qualify b y equation (9). maven is ground on cross-section analysis, in which we attempt to measure directly any possible impact that regulation has on economic growth. The second is based on instrument panel entropy, in which we indirectly project the growth contribution of regulation. The reason for applying different estimation procedures is due to our selective information on the indexes of regulation we have a few observations per country. at that placefore, for the cross-section regression we average the relevant entropy over the period 1980-1999 and approve the result with the regulation data. 6 This allows a direct measure of the possible role that regulation plays in growth, using equation (9) as a base to estimate 2 . In the second manner we adopt a variant of the one use by Olson et al. (1998) and apply the frozen effects technique7 to the panel data constructed. This data set combines cross-section and time-series data for the countries include in the first data set.This procedure, which essentially involves including a dummy for every country in the estimated equation, produces self-consistent estimates even where data are not purchasable for some time-invariant factors that affect growth. The set effects reckoner does require, however, that each included variable varies importantly within countries. Clearly, even if available, the regulatory variables may not satisfy this requirement since institutions usually change slowly. The estimation procedure, therefore, involves two awards. We first regress gross domestic product per capita growth in each country per period, git on ln ( sit /(nit it it ) plus a set of country dummies. The coefficient on the country dummies reflects the effect on growth of all the 20 time-invariant variables, including regulatory institutions. In the second floor we use the coefficients of the country dummies as the dependent variable and regress them on the measures of regulatory quality and control variables. The coe fficients on the measures of regulatory quality in the second face regression reflect the impact of regulation on GDP per capita growth later controlling for capital accumulation and certain other variables. 4. THE DATA AND THE REGRESSION RESULTS entropy for the regulatory quality measures were set out in Kauffman et al (2005) and are available for downloading from the World Bank web site. 8 As discussed earlier, the two regulation indicators used from this study are regulatory quality and government effectiveness measures. Other data required for the regression analysis were taken from the World Banks World organic evolution Indicators. The data set used in the analysis covers 117 countries for the cross-section regression and 96 for the panel version of the regression (for a full list of the countries see the Appendix).Although the main focus of the study is the impact of regulation on economic performance in developing countries, a heterogeneous data set was used including som e transitional and advanced countries as well as developing ones. The reason for including some nondeveloping countries was to improve the statistical reliability of the results by including more countries, with regional dummies used to capture the differing levels of economic development. However, as a cross-check on our results we repeated our analysis removing the developed countries from the data base. The results were good unaffected (these results can e obtained from the authors). As information on regulatory governance is only 21 based on one year, in the cross-section model, all other variables were converted into one period by averaging for 1980-2000. Initial effect variables relate to 1980. For the panel version, the data cover the period 1980-2000 (in common with most empirical research in this area, and in order to remove short-term psychological disorders as well as business cycle effects from the data, we have converted the time series data for the variables into 5-y ear period averages covering 1980-84, 1985-89, 1990-94 and 1995-99).However, the time series dimension is not complete for a number of the countries in the data set and therefore the panel data are unbalanced, containing 432 observations. Table 1 provides the correlation coefficient matrix for the key variables used in the study. (Table 1) The first data column in Table 1 shows the simple correlation coefficients between the dependent variable, GDP growth per capita, and possible informative variables. The correlation coefficients have the expected signs.The correlation coefficients between the indicators of regulatory governance, namely government effectiveness and regulatory quality, and GDP per capita growth have the expected positive sign. The bivariate correlations between inflation and the regulatory proxies used are forbid, bread and butter the proposition that economies with better regulatory governance are also better able to design macroeconomic policies that stabilise the economy and control inflation.There is also a high correlation between the logarithm of initial GDP per capita and initial secondary coil school education, both of which are in turn correlative with the various proxies for regulatory governance. 9 This suggests that, included in the same regression, controversy estimates for these variables may not be one by one reliable, due to multicolinearity. This is also the case with the two regulatory proxies that we intend to use in the analysis, namely government 22 effectiveness (GE) and regulatory quality (RQ). These two are highly correlated and herefore cannot be included in the same regression in order to estimate each variables contribution. For this reason we considered first the contribution of each of these proxies to growth in separate regressions, and then have them by addition to form a composite regulation variable (RQGE). in the lead formal analysis of the model specified in (9), we checked for the possibility of co nvergence in our data. In general, the literature does not support unconditional convergence (Barro, 2000 Mankiw et al. , 1992 Islam, 1995) but instead finds evidence of conditional convergence. We investigated this issue using regulatory governance as a ossible pre-condition for convergence. Table 2 presents the results. There is no mark of unconditional convergence (Reg. 1 and 2), the sign on the initial GDP per capita variable (LIGDPPC) is positive. However, once an indicator of governance is included (RQ, GE and RQGE), as in Reg. 3 to 5, there is an quality of conditional convergence in the form of a negative sign. Differences between growth experiences of countries are partly explained by their state of regulatory quality. There is no indication that there is any real regional difference in this context (cf. reg. -8, which include regional variables for Africa, Asia and Latin America). (Table 2 here) In addition to combining the two regulatory proxies (RQ and GE), and in the light of high correlation between the two, the first header region of these two was generated (PCRQGE) and this composite index was used as a regulatory proxy. Results generated based on this proxy, as indicated by Reg 5a in table 2, are the same as those reported using 23 RQ, GE and RQGE10. We repeated this process taking into account the other four indicators of governance determine by Kauffman et al (2005) and detailed earlier.The first principal component of all the six indicators of governance (termed PC each(prenominal)) was generated, as well as one based on the four, excluding RQ and GE termed PC Others. Reg 5b and Reg 5c in Table 2 include the results based on these composite indexes. Inclusion of the four indicators of governance alongside or instead of the two regulatory proxies combined (RQGE) and its principal component (PCRQGE) has a marginal effect on the line of reasoning estimates for the other variables in the regression, but the signs remain the same. The c oefficient values for PC All and PC Others are, however, lower than for the other regulation variables.We interpret this result as being an indication of the differential influence of different governance proxies on growth. In other words, a possible criticism of our findings that various measures on institutional quality could be highly correlated and that it is institutional quality rather than the quality of regulation in particular that matters is not borne out. More precisely, the regulation proxies we have used (RQ, GE, RQGE and PCRQGE) seem to have a higher impact on growth than the other four indicators of governance identified by Kauffman et al (2005) reflecting wider institutional factors.Therefore, regulation rather than governance issues more generally seems to have the larger impact on growth. 11 Having considered the issue of convergence and considered the possible relative effects of regulation and governance issues more generally on growth, Tables 3 and 4 report resu lts based on the formal analysis of the data. The results address the main focus of the research, the impact of regulation on the growth in GDP per capita. The results reported in Table 3 are based on the model specified in equation (9) using OLS and cross-country data, as detailed above.Table 3 reports ten regressions, each containing different combinations of the independent variables in our data set. The economic variables in the full set of regressions 24 tried included the variables derived from the model itself, as specified in equation (9), and measures for general inflation, trade, government expenditure, as well as the regional dummies. However, with the exception of inflation these other variables proved to be statistically in real at the 10% level or better and therefore, to economise on position, the results are not reported.The inflation variable was found to be statistically significant and negative, suggesting that unstable macroeconomic conditions have a negative effect on economic growth. (Table 3 here) The regional dummies were used to test the guessing that different regions may have characteristics that affect growth differently. This is validated with respect to Asia, confirming that this region had, on average, performed better with respect to economic growth than other regions in the period studied. A dummy for Africa and Latin America were found to be statistically insignificant. We also included the initial level of human apital, as measured be secondary school enrolments, as a proxy for the initial level of institutions. As indicated in Table 1 this variable is highly correlated with initial GDP per capita, and the results in Table 3 confirmed that it has a negative sign and is statistically significant. This result supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. The regulatory variables are correctly signed and statistically significant in all cases. The sign and level of significance of the line estimates for these regulator y proxies indicate that they have a statistically significant and positive effect on economic growth.Based on the estimates for the combined regulatory variable (RQGE), a unit change in the quality and effectiveness of regulation is, on average, associated with approximately an 0. 6% to 0. 9% 25 increase in economic growth, everything else be equal. As with the other results reported, the regulatory proxies used here seem to have a larger impact on growth than do the other governance proxies, namely the variables PC All and PC Others. peerless objection to our analysis so far is that we have used regulatory data for 2000 only. Perhaps the regulatory environment has changed substantially during the period 1980-2000.Unfortunately, World Bank regulatory data do not exist prior to 1996. But as a cross-check on the constancy of the results if regulatory data for other years from 1996 are used, we first considered the correlation between the World Bank regulatory indicators between 199 6 and 2000. The results gave correlation coefficients of 0. 92 to 0. 99 confirming a high degree of stability. Nevertheless, we then re-ran our regression reported in Table 3 using regulatory indicators (constructed as before) but for 1996, 1998 and 2000 one at a time. The results were almost identical.As discussed earlier, the stability in the governance variables plus the very limited observations on governance (a maximum of two for each country) caused us to rule out the use of regressions based on panel data. (Table 4 here) Table 4 reports results based on the second system of estimation, which, as discussed earlier, involves two stages. In the first stage, by applying a fixed effect technique to the panel data, we arrive at the following regression results GDP per capita = 0. 133 Log net12 gross capital formation 0. 148 Log initial GDPPC (6. 41)* (6. 57)* 26 +0. 4 Log net nurture + Country Dummies (1. 84)** Adjusted R2 =0. 21 number of observations=432 The figure in bracket s is the t-ratio * (**) indicates significance level at 5% (10%). From the above, the regression parameter estimate associated with the country dummies is saved and used as the dependent variable in the regressions reported in Table 4. For reasons of space we report only a sub-set of the full results. We exclude reporting regressions including the full set of independent variables used, as detailed in Table 1, because a number of them proved to be statistically insignificant.Our main interest in the regression results reported in Table 4 is with the role that the regulatory proxies are playing in explaining the variation in the country dummies. The results are consistent with those reported in Table 3. crimson though the parameter estimates for the regulatory variable are lower, regulatory governance hush affects the growth performance of an economy. The regional dummies in this case are all negative and statistically significant, relative to the control group which is advanced co untries13.These changes in the results were investigated and seem to reflect the differences in the modelling methods adopted, suggesting that in this type of research the modelling can affect the results. Nevertheless, the overall picture that emerges is that the quality and effectiveness of regulation has a positive effect on growth using both models. 27 5. CONCLUSIONS The provision of a regulatory regime that promotes rather than constrains economic growth is an important part of good governance. The ability of the state to provide effective regulatory institutions can be expected to be a determinant of how well markets and the economy perform.The impact of regulatory institutions on economic growth will depend on both the efficiency of the regulatory policies and instruments that are used and the quality of the governance processes that are practised by the regulatory authorities, as discussed in the early part of the paper. This paper has tested the hypothesis that the efficien cy and quality of regulation affects the economic performance of an economy. 2 proxies for regulatory effectiveness were included separately and then combined as determinants of economic growth performance, using both cross-section(a) and panel data methods.The results from both sets of modelling suggest a strong causal link between regulatory quality and economic growth and confirm that the standard of regulation matters for economic performance. The results are consistent with those of Olson et al. (1998) who found that productivity growth is potently correlated with the quality of governance, and Kauffman et al (2005) who found that the quality of governance has a positive effect on incomes. As we highlighted earlier, the proxies we use for regulatory governance are correlated with a number of other institutional proxies.One could argue, therefore, that what we have established could equally hold for the link between institutional capacity in general and economic performance. H owever, the literature reviewed earlier in the paper is consistent with institutional capacity playing a strong and complementary role to regulatory governance 28 and the principal component analysis undertaken is supportive of this view. Nevertheless, the ability to model separately institutions in general and regulatory institutions or governance in particular remains problematic because of their potential complementarity.Hence, our results are perhaps most safely interpret as demonstrating the importance of regulatory quality for economic growth in the context of wider institutional capacity building. Also, we acknowledge that in our analysis there is no control for the different regulated industrial sectors including privatised industries. Hence, the results need to be interpreted with care because of the heterogeneity of the sectors covered. The possibility that regulatory quality inputs differently crosswise different industrial sectors cannot be ruled out.Unfortunately, data limitations prevented us from act this issue. Finally, we acknowledge that the direction of causation between economic growth and regulatory quality deserves further investigation, Nevertheless, despite these caveats, we believe that there are good a priori thou for assuming that better regulation leads to more rapid economic growth and that our empirical results are consistent with the view that good regulation is associated with higher economic growth in lower-income economies. 29 APPENDIX (a) sway of countries included in the dataset14Angola Albania Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Benin Burkina Faso Bangladesh Bulgaria Belarus Bolivia brazil-nut tree Botswana Canada Switzerland Chile China Cote dIvoire Cameroon Congo, Rep. Colombia Costa Rica Cyprus Czechoslovakian Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. Spain Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon united Kingdom Georgia Ghana dago Gambia Greece Guatemala Guyana Hong Kong (Chi na) Honduras Croatia Haiti Hungary Indonesia India Ireland Iran, Islamic Rep. Iceland Israel Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Korea, Rep. Lebanon Sri Lanka Lesotho Lithuania capital of Luxembourg Latvia Morocco Moldova Mexico Macedonia Mali Malta Mozambique Mauritius Malawi Malaysia Niger Nigeria Nicaragua terminateherlands Norway New Zealand Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Papua New guinea Poland Portugal Paraguay Romania Russian Federation Senegal Singapore sierra Leone El Salvador Sweden Syrian Arab Republic Togo Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia turkey Tanzania Uganda Ukraine Uruguay United States Venezuela Vietnam Congo, Dem.Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe. 30 NOTES 1. The World Bank defines good governance as epitomized by predictable, open and enlightened policy making a bureaucracy imbued with a original ethos an executive arm of government responsible for its actions a strong civil company participating in public affairs, and all behaving under t he rule of law (World Bank, 1997). 2. 3. One of the authors of this paper has been involved in the design of regulatory institutions for Malawi.This expresses the observed data in each cluster as a linear function of the unobserved common component of governance, plus a disturbance term to capture perception errors and ingest variation in each indicator. 4. However, uncomplete neoclassical nor endogenous growth theory gave regulation an explicit role. By assuming that output is at the limit provided by the available factor inputs and technology, neoclassical growth theory implicitly assumed no regulatory distortions. 5. Benhabib and Spiegel (1994) argue that the initial level of human capital can affect the growth path of productivity.Olson et al (1998) also use secondary school enrolment as a proxy instructive variable in their growth study. 6. The most recent data set provided by Kauffman et al (2005) provides bi-annual data on indicators of governance over the period 1996-2004 . In common with most empirical research in this area, we have converted time series data on the variables we have used in this study into 5-year averages for the period 1980-2000. However, if we were to do the same with the regulatory indices available it would give us only one observation for each country. If we were to extend our data to 2004, we would get two observations on these indices.Time dimensions of data on regulatory governance in either case would be too few to be able to apply panel data. In addition, given that these indicators change very slowly over time, as also acknowledged by Kauffman et al. , and that they only relate to the most recent periods, we do not find it informative to try to use them in a panel data analysis. We were able to confirm the stability of the regulation variables by replacing the data for 2000 with data for 1996 and 1998. The effect on our results was paltry (the results can be obtained from the authors). 7.There are two estimation procedu res for panel data, fixed and random effects. In our case, the fixed effect method is the more appropriate one to use for the following reasons (a) a priori we expect that 31 regulatory governance proxies to be correlated with the intercept term for each country those with a poor or weak regulatory governance are also expected to perform relatively naughtily in terms of economic performance (b) we are interested in bill differences between countries included in our data set the parameter estimate for country dummies (the intercept term for each country) is a proxy for these differences.Intercepts in turn are used as a dependent variable in the second stage regression to establish the link between regulatory governance and country characteristics captured by the intercept term. The fixed effects method allows us to do this (c) in small samples, similar to the one we are using here, there may be hardheaded problems preventing parameter estimation when the random effect model is app lied this is not the case with the fixed effect model. For a more detailed discussion of these issues, see Verbeek (2000).Also, we applied the Hausman specification test and this confirmed that the fixed effect model is the more appropriate technique for our data. 8. http//www. worldbank. org/wbi/governance/pubs/govmatters4. html The series constructed are composite indexes, which are based on a number of variables generated at different points in time. Information for each country on these proxies, therefore, generally relates to a period rather than a specific year. Kauffman and Kraay (2005) highlight certain issues relating to the quality of the data used, particularly when it is utilised for making comparisons across countries.However, we are not aware of better regulatory quality data, while concession that better quality data could reveal different results to those reported here. Nevertheless, based on the significance level of the relevant variables in our regressions, we are fairly confident that any differences in the results would relate to the magnitude of these effects rather than their sign. 9. A number of the explanatory variables were logged. In the literature the basic growth accounting model is generally exponential function (e. g. Cobb-Douglas).Once logged, it becomes a linear relationship which can then be estimated. For the other explanatory variables in our model, logging helped to solve problems of serial correlation and heteroscedasticity. 10. The difference in parameter estimates for the regulatory index is due to the scale effect generated by the weight used in calculating the first principal component of the two indicators. 11. However, we would not inclination to over-emphasise the importance of this result given the data limitations as pointed out in Kauffman et al (2005).One could also argue that different proxies may have different dynamic effects on growth and that broader indicators of governance may require a longer period of time to produce their full effect on economic growth. 32 12. Net in this case applies to the log difference of different investment shares in GDP (physical and human in this case) and (d+n+g), where d is the rate of depreciation of capital per annum n is the rate of population growth and g is a proxy for rate of technical change. As is the practice in the literature, (d+g) is assumed to be 5%. The specification is based on a Solow/Augmented Solow model. 3. In this model the regional dummies identify whether there are regional similarities or differences between regions. 33 REFERENCES Acemoglu D. , Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. (2000). The Colonial Origins of Comparative nurture, American economic check out, 91(5) 1369-1401 Asian ripening Bank (2000). Asia Development Report, Manila ADB. Averch, H. & Johnson, L. L. (1962). deportment of the Firm under regulatory constraint, American economic Review, 52 1052-69. Bailey, E. E. (1973). stinting hypothesis of regulatory Constraint, Lexington, DC Heath. Barro, R. J. (1991).Economic harvest-time in a cross section of countries, every quarter journal of Economics, 106407-33. Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of Economic addition A cross-country empirical study, Development Discussion Paper No. 579, Harvard set for International Development. Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, journal of Economic growth, 5(1) 5-32. Barro, R & Sala-i-Martin, X (1992). Convergence, diary of Political miserliness, 100 223-51. 34 Benhabib, J. J. & Spiegel, M. M. (1994). The map of Human Capital in Economic Development Evidence from Cross-Country Data, journal of MonetaryEconomics, 34. 143-73. Birdsall, N. & Nellis, J. (2002). Winners and Losers Assessing the Distributional pretend of Privatization, Working Paper No. 6, uppercase, DC. center(a) for Global Development. Buchanan, J. M. (1972). Theory of earth Choice, lucre University of Michigan plead. Campbell-White, O. & Bhatia, A. (1998). D irections in Development Privatization in Africa, majuscule, DC World Bank. Cave, M. & Stern, J. (1998). Regulatory Institutions and Regulatory constitution for Economies in Transition, in (ed. ) C. Robinson, Regulating Utilities Understanding the Issues, London launch of Economic Affairs.Chong, A. & Lopez-de-Silanes, F. (2002). Privatization and Labor Force Restructuring most the World, World Bank Policy inquiry Working Paper 2884, Washington, DC World Bank. Chong A. and Lopez-de-Silanes F. (2005) Privatization in Latin America Myths and Reality. Stanford Stanford University Press and World Bank 35 Clague, C. , Keefer, P. , Knack, S. & Olson, M. (1995). Contract-intensive money Contract Enforcement, Property Rights and Economic deed, Working Paper No. 151, University of doc Institutional tidy up and the Informal orbit (IRIS). Cook, P. & Kirkpatrick, C. (2003). Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Developing Countries, in eds. D. Parker and D. Saal, International Handb ook on Privatization, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA, USA. De Castro, A. S, Goldin, I & da Silva, L. A. P. (2002). Relative Returns to Policy Reform Evidence from Controlled Cross-Country Regressions, mimeo, Washington DC World Bank. Djankov. , S. , La Porta, R. , Lopez-de-Silanes, F. And Shleifer, A. (2002) The Regulation of admittance, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1)1-37. Gray, P. (2001). Private intimacy in Infrastructure A Review of the Evidence, mimeo. Washington DC World Bank. Grossman, S. J. & Hart, O. D. (1986). The Costs and Benefits of Ownership A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration, Journal of Political Economy, 94 (4)691-719. Guasch, J. L. & Hahn, R. W. (1999). The Costs and Benefits of Regulation Implications for Developing Countries, World Bank enquiry Observer, 14 (1) 137-58. 36 Hall, R. E. & Jones, C. (1999). Why Do Some Countries Produce So some(prenominal) More Output per Worker than Others? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (1) 83-116. Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review, 35 519-30.Hood, C. (1994). Explaining Economic Policy Reversals, Buckingham Open University Press. Islam, N. (1995). reaping Empirics A Panel Data come, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 1127-70. Jacobs S. (2004). regime of Asia Utilities New Regulators Struggle in voiceless Environments The Governance Brief, issue 10, ADB Governance and regional Cooperation Division Bangkok. Kauffman, D. & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth Without Governance, mimeo, Washington DC World Bank. Kauffman D. , Kraay A. & Mastruzzi M. (2005). Governance Matters IV Governance Indicators for 1996-2004 World Bank, May 7 Kirkpatrick, C. & Parker, D. (2004). Regulatory Impact Assessment and Regulatory Governance in Developing Countries creation Administration and Development 24,4 333-344 Kirkpatrick, C. & Parker, D. (2005). The Impact of Privatization in Developing Countries A Review of the Evidence and the Policy Lessons, J ournal of Development Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, pp513-41. Kirkpatrick C. , Parker D. , & Zhang Y-F. (forthcoming). Foreign Direct Investment in Infrastructure Does Regulation Make a Difference? Transnational Corporations. Knight-John, M. (2002). The Institutional Policy Framework for Regulation and controversy in Sri Lanka, Working Paper No. 40, mettle on Regulation and Competition, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. Laffont J-J (1999a) Competition, Regulation and Development in B. Plescovic and j. Stiglitz (eds. ) Annual World Bank group on Development Economics 1998, Washington DC World Bank, 237-257 Laffont, J. -J. (1999b). Incentives and the Political Economy of Regulation, Oxford Oxford University Press. Laffont J-J (2005) Regulation and Development, Cambridge Cambridge University Press Laffont, J. -J. Tirole, J. (1993). A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. 38 Laffont, J. -J. & Tirole, J. ( 2000). Competition in Telecommunications, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. Lanyi, A. (2000). The Institutional Basis of Economic Reforms, in eds. S. Kahkonen and A. Lanyi, Institutions, Incentives and Economic Reforms in India, New Delhi and London Sage Publications. Levy, B. & Spiller, P. T. (1994). The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Commitment A Comparative synopsis of Telecommunications Regulation, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 10 (2) 201-46. Lucas, R. E. (1988). On mechanism of economic planning Journal of Monetary Economics, 21 (1) 3-42. Majone, G. (1994). The egression of the Regulatory State in atomic number 63, West European Politics, . 17 77-101. Majone, G. (1997). From the imperious to the Regulatory State, Journal of Public Policy, 17 (2) 139-67. Mankiw, N. D. , Romer P & D. Weil (1992). A piece to the Empirics of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 407-37. 39 Minogue M. (2005). Apples and Oranges Comparing International Experience s in Regulatory Reform, Occasional Lecture 13, john amount of money for the Study of Regulated Industries, University of BathNeumayer, E. (2002). Is unafraid Governance Rewarded? A Cross-National Analysis of Debt amnesty, World Development, 30 (6) 913-30. Newbery, D. (1999). Privatization, Restructuring and Regulation of profits Industries, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. Nonneman, W. & Vanhoudt, P (1996). A Further Augmentation of the Solow mannikin and the Empirics of Economic Growth for OECD Countries, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111 943-53. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Olson, M. , Sarna, N. & Swamy, A. V. (1998). Governance and Growth A simple hypothesis explaining cross-country differences in productivity, mimeo, Centre for Institutional Reform and Informal area (IRIS), University of Maryland. Parker, D. (1999). Regulation of privati